Gascon War

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Gascon War
Guyenne & Gascony
)
Result Treaty of Paris: French occupation of Aquitaine ended with royal marriages. Aquitaine becomes a fief of France.
Belligerents Kingdom of France Kingdom of EnglandCommanders and leaders Philip IV of France
Robert II, Count of Artois
Charles, Count of Valois
Guy, Marshall of France
Raoul, Constable of France
Roger-Bernard, Count of Foix
Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln

The Gascon War, also known as the 1294–1303 Anglo-French War or the Guyenne War

20 May 1303 Treaty of Paris
, which reaffirmed the prince and princess's engagement. They were married in 1308.

Background

At some point during

Chronicle of Bury St Edmunds notes a second victory over Normans, Germans, Flemings, and Lombards at St Mathieu on May 26th.)[8][9] A force from Bayonne then raided La Rochelle.[10] On 29 May 1293, Edward I wrote to his chief ports, again prohibiting attacks on the French and banning men of the Cinque Ports from even engaging in peaceful trade for their failure to obey his previous commands; this embargo was to continue until a settlement could be reached with Philip.[7]

These clashes caused

Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough blamed the French volte-face on Philip's brother Charles of Valois;[8][5] Peter Langtoft's and Robert Mannyng's blamed Philip, Charles, and Robert II, count of Artois, acting together.[14][15]

Aquitaine

Main article: Gascon campaign (1294–1303)

With France already in possession of Aquitaine's main fortresses, Edward's expeditions from England to recover the duchy were largely unsuccessful.[12]

Flanders

Main articles:
English expedition to Flanders (1297–98) and Franco-Flemish War

At great expense, Edward then retaliated by allying with

Edward's expedition to Flanders
was reduced in size and much delayed from his original plans.

Edward's force arrived in late August 1297, after the Flemish had already lost the

embargo
on any export of precious metals or jewels from the country, damaging Boniface's own finances.

The armistice restored the

Count Robert III
to their capture and imprisonment in May 1300.

The Flemish burghers, however, then rebelled against their towns' French garrisons. Without English support, they decimated a generation of French nobility

1303 Treaty of Paris. France was then able to turn the tide against the Flemings and reach a settlement satisfactory to Philip in the 1305 Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge.[16]

Aftermath

At a time when warfare was placing an unprecedented strain on royal resources, Gascony also supplied manpower. No English king, therefore, could afford to risk a French conquest of Gascony, for too much was at stake.[17] The peace of 1303 continued the potential for conflict by returning the duchy to Edward in exchange for homage.[17] The English Kings as Dukes of Aquitaine owed feudal allegiance to the French King and the conflicting claims of suzerainty and justice were a frequent source of disputes.[18] Given the inconveniences of the feudal relationship it may seem surprising that no wider conflict grew out of the Gascon situation before the 1330s. Yet until that decade the tensions arising from the English position in Gascony were contained and controlled.[17] The war marked a watershed in relations between the two powers.

Similarly, the war occasioned the beginning of chronic insubordination against France on the part of Flanders.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Parcours en Anglais dans les Collections Permanentes du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux (PDF) (in French and English), Bordeaux: Museum of Fine Art, 2024, p. 2.
  2. ^ Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 86.
  3. ^ Heebøll-Holm (2013), pp. 86 & 91.
  4. ^ Heebøll-Holm (2013), pp. 83 & 92.
  5. ^ a b Rothwell (1957), pp. 240–241.
  6. ^ a b Heebøll-Holm (2013), pp. 86–87.
  7. ^ a b c Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 87.
  8. ^ a b Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 91.
  9. ^ Gransden (1964), pp. 116–117.
  10. ^ Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 88.
  11. ^ a b c Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 89.
  12. ^ a b c d Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 90.
  13. ^ Luard (1890), p. 86.
  14. ^ Heebøll-Holm (2013), p. 92.
  15. ^ Hearne (1810), p. 255.
  16. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, France – Foreign relations
  17. ^ a b c The Origins of the Hundred Years War, History Today, John Maddicott, Published in Volume: 36 Issue: 5, 1986
  18. ISBN 9780313291241
    .

Bibliography

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