Charles, Count of Valois
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House | House of Capet House of Valois (founder) |
Father | Philip III of France |
Mother | Isabella of Aragon |
Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon,[1] was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328.
Charles ruled several principalities. He held in
As the grandson of King Louis IX of France, Charles of Valois was a son, brother, brother-in-law and son-in-law of kings or queens (of France, Navarre, England and Naples). His descendants, the House of Valois, would become the royal house of France three years after his death, beginning with his eldest son King Philip VI of France.
Life
Besides holding in appanage the counties of Valois, Alençon and Perche, Charles became in 1290 the Count of Anjou and of Maine by his first marriage with
From his early years, Charles of Valois dreamed of more and sought all his life for a crown he never obtained. Starting in 1284,
Leading a military campaign, Charles commanded effectively in Flanders in 1297.
Campaign in Italy and Invasion of Sicily
Dreaming of an imperial crown, Charles married
Named papal vicar, Charles of Valois led a private French army into Italy. However, he soon lost himself in the complexity of Italian politics, namely the generational feud between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Local nobles and church officials used his army as a tool against their political rivals, and men under his command massacred a crowd in Florence. When his army landed on the shores of Sicily in May 1302, it faced heavy resistance from the Sicilian population. Charles' army pushed inland, but became mired in attritional warfare in the hot Sicilian summer; after a disastrous attempt to besiege Sciacca, Charles' army found itself out of supplies and surrounded on the southern coast of Sicily. Rather than see his army destroyed, Charles negotiated the Peace of Caltabellotta with the Sicilian leadership, thus ending the war of the Vespers.[3][4] The Sicilian campaign had been a disaster; Charles' battered army had been forced to evacuate the island without having fought a major battle, and the treaty ended Angevin and papal attempts to re-conquer Sicily.[3][4]
Claimant to French throne
Charles was back in shape to seek a new crown when the German King Albert I of Germany was murdered in 1308. Charles's brother King Philip IV, who did not wish to take the risk himself of a check and probably thought that a French puppet on the imperial throne would be a good thing for France, encouraged him. The candidacy was defeated with the election of Henry VII of Luxembourg as German king, for the electors did not want France to become even more powerful. Charles thus continued to dream of the eastern crown of the Courtenays.
He did benefit from the affection which his brother King Philip, who had suffered from the remarriage of their father, brought to his only full brother, and Charles thus found himself given responsibilities which largely exceeded his talent. Thus it was he who directed, in 1311, the royal embassy to the conferences of Tournai with the Flemish; he quarreled there with his brother's chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny, who openly defied him. Charles did not pardon the affront and would continue the vendetta against Marigny after his brother King Philip's death.
In 1314, Charles was doggedly opposed to the torture of Jacques de Molay, grand master of the Templars.
The premature death of Charles's nephew, King Louis X of France, in 1316, gave Charles hopes for a political role. However, he could not prevent his nephew Philip the Tall from taking the regency while awaiting the birth of his brother King Louis X's posthumous son. When that son (John I of France) died after a few days, Philip took the throne as King Philip V of France. Charles was initially opposed to his nephew Philip's succession, for Philip's elder brother King Louis X had left behind a daughter, Joan of France, his only surviving child. However, Charles later switched sides and eventually backed his nephew Philip, probably realizing that Philip's precedent would bring him and his line closer to the throne.
War against England
In 1324, Charles commanded with success the army of his nephew, King Charles IV of France (who succeeded his elder brother King Philip V in 1322), to take Guyenne and Flanders from King Edward II of England.[5] He contributed, by the capture of several cities, to accelerate the peace, which was concluded between the King of France and his sister Isabella, the queen-consort of England as the wife of King Edward II.[5]
The Count of Valois died on 16 December 1325 at
Marriages and children
Charles was married three times.
His first marriage in Aug 1290, was to Margaret, Countess of Anjou and Maine (1272–1299), daughter of King Charles II of Naples.[6] They had the following children:
- Isabella of Valois (1292–1309); married John, who would become Duke of Brittany.[7]
- Valois Dynasty.[7]
- William I of Hainaut and had issue.[7]
- Guy I of Blois, and had issue.[7]
- Fernando de la Cerda, Lord of Lara.[8]
- Catherine (1299 – died young).
In 1302 he married
They had:- John (1302–1308), Count of Chartres.
- Philip I of Taranto[12]and had issue.
- Joan of Valois, Countess of Beaumont-le-Roger (1304 – 9 July 1363); married Robert III of Artois, Count of Beaumont-le-Roger and had issue.[7]
- Isabelle of Valois (1305 – 11 November 1349), Abbess of Fontevrault.
Finally, in 1308, he married Mahaut of Châtillon (1293–1358),[13] daughter of Guy IV of Châtillon, Count of Saint-Pol. They had:
- Charles of Calabriaand had issue.
- Peter I of Bourbon.[7]
- Charles IV of Germany and Bohemia who later became Holy Roman Emperor after her death.[7]She was sometimes called "Marguerite".
- Louis (1318 – 2 November 1328), Count of Chartres and Lord of Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais.[15]
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In fiction
Charles is a major character in
References
- ^ a b Small 2004, p. 214.
- ^ Taylor 2006, p. 55.
- ^ ISSN0022-3433.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Hallam 1980, p. 285.
- ^ Wood 1966, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c d e f g h de Venette 1953, p. 312.
- ^ Doubleday 2001, p. 172.
- ^ Housley 1992, p. 53.
- ^ Lock 2013, p. 66.
- ^ Jackson-Laufer 1999, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Topping 1975, p. 109.
- ^ Russell 2013, p. 299.
- ^ Hand 2013, p. 217.
- ^ Lewis 1965, p. 20.
- ^ "Official website: Les Rois maudits (2005 miniseries)" (in French). 2005. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ "Les Rois maudits: Casting de la saison 1" (in French). AlloCiné. 2005. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Sources
- Doubleday, Simon R. (2001). The Lara Family: Crown and Nobility in Medieval Spain. Harvard University Press.
- Hallam, Elizabeth (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328. Longman Group UK.
- Hand, Joni M. (2013). Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550. Ashgate Publishing.
- Housley, Norman (1992). The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press.
- Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO.
- Lewis, P. S. (1965). "War, Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 15. Cambridge University Press: 1–21. S2CID 162671794.
- Lock, Peter (2013). The Franks in the Aegean: 1204–1500. Routledge.
- Russell, Delbert W. (2013). "The Cultural Context of the French Prose "remaniement" of the Life of Edward the Confessor by a nun of Barking Abbey". In Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn (ed.). Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, c. 1100–c. 1500. Boydell & Brewer.
- Small, Carola M. (2004). "Charles of Valois". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.
- Taylor, Craig, ed. (2006). Debating the Hundred Years War. Vol. 29. Cambridge University Press.
- Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
- de Venette, Jean (1953). Newhall, Richard A. (ed.). The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Translated by Birdsall, Jean. Columbia University Press.
- Wood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy: 1224–1328. Harvard University Press.