Genetically modified tomato

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
ACC synthase
gene

A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a

environmental stresses.[3] Other projects aim to enrich tomatoes with substances that may offer health benefits or be more nutritious
. As well as aiming to produce novel crops, scientists produce genetically modified tomatoes to understand the function of genes naturally present in tomatoes.

biolistics. Tomatoes were the first food crop with an edible fruit where this was possible.[5]

Examples

Delayed ripening

Tomatoes have been used as a

fruit ripening of climacteric fruit. To understand the mechanisms involved in the process of ripening, scientists have genetically engineered tomatoes.[6]

In 1994, the

interferes with the production of the polygalacturonase enzyme, delaying the ripening process. The Flavr Savr failed to achieve commercial success and was withdrawn from the market in 1997. Similar technology, but using a truncated version of the polygalacturonase gene, was used to make a tomato paste.[8]

E. coli bacteriophage T3, which reduced the levels of S-adenosylmethionine, a precursor to ACC.[11] Endless Summer was briefly tested in the marketplace, but patent arguments forced its withdrawal.[12]

Scientists in India have delayed the ripening of tomatoes by silencing two genes encoding N-glycoprotein modifying enzymes, α-mannosidase and β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase. The fruits produced were not visibly damaged after being stored at room temperature for 45 days, whereas unmodified tomatoes had gone rotten.[13] In India, where 30% of fruit is wasted before it reaches the market due to a lack of refrigeration and poor road infrastructure, the researchers hope genetic engineering of the tomato may decrease wastage.[14]

Environmental stress tolerance

S. lycopersicum and S. peruvianum. They overexpressed the donated GR – and this was supplementing the endogenous GR. Although total GR activity was increased, no improvement in cold tolerance did obtain.[18]

Other genes from various species have been inserted into the tomato with the hope of increasing their resistance to various environmental factors. A gene from rice (Osmyb4), which codes for a

osmotic genes overexpressed in tomatoes produced plants that held a higher water content than wildtype plants increasing tolerance to drought and salt stress.[22]

Pest resistance

The insecticidal toxin from the bacterium

chemically synthesised cecropin B gene, usually found in the giant silk moth (Hyalophora cecropia), has been introduced into tomato plants and in vivo studies show significant resistance to bacterial wilt and bacterial spot.[28] When the cell wall proteins, polygalacturonase and expansin are prevented from being produced in fruits, they are less susceptible to the fungus Botrytis cinerea than normal tomatoes.[29][30] Pest resistant tomatoes can reduce the ecological footprint of tomato production while at the same time increase farm income.[31]

Improved nutrition

Tomatoes have been altered in attempts to add nutritional content. In 2000, the concentration of pro-

blueberries.[36] The inventors of the GMO blue tomato using snapdragon genes, Jonathan Jones and Cathie Martin of the John Innes Centre, founded a company called Norfolk Plant Sciences[37] to commercialize the blue tomato. They partnered with a company in Canada called New Energy Farms to grow a large crop of blue tomatoes, from which to create juice to test in clinical trials on the way to obtaining regulatory approval.[38][39]

Another group has tried to increase the levels of isoflavone, known for its potential cancer preventive properties, by introducing the soybean isoflavone synthase into tomatoes.[40]

In 2021 Japanese Sanatech Seed issued Sicilian Rouge High GABA tomato variety with increased

GABA levels.[2]

Improved taste

When

Ocimum basilicum) was expressed in tomato fruits under a fruit-specific promoter, 60% of untrained taste testers preferred the taste and smell of the transgenic tomatoes. The fruits contained around half the amount of lycopene.[41]

Vaccines

Tomatoes (along with

recombinant vaccine to SARS.[44]

Basic research

Tomatoes are used as a

map-based cloning, where transgenic plants must be created to prove that a gene has been successfully isolated.[45] The plant peptide hormone, systemin was first identified in tomato plants and genetic modification has been used to demonstrate its function, by adding antisense genes to silence the native gene or by adding extra copies of the native gene.[46][47]

References

  1. ^ Martineau, B., "First Fruit", McGraw Hill Book Co., p191
  2. ^ a b "Sanatech Seed launches world's first GE tomato". www.fruitnet.com. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  3. S2CID 83142160
  4. S2CID 37463613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. S2CID 39724384
    .
  6. PMID 12324528
    .
  7. ^ Redenbalpolollolneau, Matthew Kramer, Ray Sheehy, Rick Sanders, Cathy Houck and Don Emlay (1992). Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato. CRC Press. p. 288.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Center for Environmental Risk Assessment. "GM Crop Database: Event 1345-4". International Life Sciences Institute. Archived from the original on May 29, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. ^ Marcia Wood (July 1995). "Bioengineered Tomatoes Taste Great". Agricultural Research Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  10. PMID 1821764
    .
  11. S2CID 12598469
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-4277-9816-9
    .
  13. PMID 20133661
    .
  14. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (2010-02-09). "India's new delicacy: a 45-day-old tomato - Asia, World". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  15. ISBN 978-1-4020-5577-5
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-19-850674-4
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 18284373
    .
  18. PMID 12221974
    .
  19. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.05.007
    .
  20. S2CID 1940765
    .
  21. ^ "Gene-modified tomato revels in salty soils - 31 July 2001". New Scientist. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  22. S2CID 21089935
    .
  23. S2CID 42628662
    .
  24. S2CID 41557045
    .
  25. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2003.08.006
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-8412-3320-1
    .
  27. S2CID 11651958
    .
  28. PMID 19966019
    .
  29. ^ "Fruit Cell Wall Proteins Help Fungus Turn Tomatoes From Ripe To Rotten". Science Daily. Jan 31, 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  30. PMID 18199833
    .
  31. ^ Groeneveld, Rolf, Erik Ansink, Clemens van de Wiel, and Justus Wesseler (2011) Benefits and costs of biologically contained GM tomatoes and eggplants in Italy and Spain. Sustainability. 2011, 3, 1265-1281
  32. S2CID 11801214
    .
  33. ^ Connor, Steve (2000-05-31). "No market for the GM tomato that fights cancer - Science, News". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-08-23.[dead link]
  34. PMID 32688816
    .
  35. ^ "Purple Tomatoes, Rich In Health-Protecting Anthocyanins, Developed With Help Of Snapdragons". Sciencedaily.com. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  36. S2CID 14895646
    .
  37. ^ Norfolk Plant Sciences About Norfolk Plant Sciences Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Clive Cookson for the Financial Times. January 24, 2014 Purple tomato juice from Canadian GM crop heads for trial in UK
  39. ^ John Innes Centre 25 January 2014 Press Release: Bumper harvest for GM purple tomatoes Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  40. PMID 18540614
    .
  41. S2CID 17955604
    .
  42. PMID 17582177
    .
  43. PMID 18604480
    .
  44. PMID 15956182
    .
  45. S2CID 22438380
    .
  46. PMID 11607423
    .
  47. PMID 7937894
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_tomato&oldid=1207483548"