Genetically modified mammal

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Genetically modified mammals are

embryonic stem cells.[1]

Usage

The majority of genetically modified mammals are used in research to investigate changes in

models of human diseases and potential treatments and cures can first be tested on them. Other mammals have been engineered with the aim of potentially increasing their use to medicine and industry. These possibilities include pigs expressing human antigens aiming to increasing the success of xenotransplantation[3] to lactating mammals expressing useful proteins in their milk.[4]

Mice

Main article: Genetically modified mouse

Genetically modified mice are often used to study cellular and tissue-specific responses to disease (cf knockout mouse). This is possible since mice can be created with the same mutations that occur in human genetic disorders, the production of the human disease in these mice then allows treatments to be tested.[5]

The

laboratory mouse that has been genetically modified developed by Philip Leder and Timothy A. Stewart of Harvard University to carry a specific gene called an activated oncogene.[6]

PEPCK-C enzyme, which is present mainly in the liver and kidneys
.

Rats

A knockout rat is a rat with a single gene disruption used for academic and pharmaceutical research.[9][10][11][12]

Goats

transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies. Prior to its bankruptcy, the company successfully generated distinct lines of goats that produced recombinant versions of either the MaSpI or MaSpII dragline silk proteins, respectively, in their milk.[13]

Pigs

The

enviropig is the trademark for a genetically modified line of Yorkshire pigs with the capability to digest plant phosphorus more efficiently than ordinary unmodified pigs that was developed at the University of Guelph.[14] Enviropigs produce the enzyme phytase
in the salivary glands that is secreted in the saliva.

In 2006 the scientists from National Taiwan University's Department of Animal Science and Technology managed to breed three green-glowing pigs using green fluorescent protein.[15] Fluorescent pigs can be used to study human organ transplants,[16] regenerating ocular photoreceptor cells,[17] neuronal cells in the brain,[17] regenerative medicine via stem cells,[18] tissue engineering,[19] and other diseases.

In 2015, researchers at the Beijing Genomics Institute used transcription activator-like effector nucleases to create a miniature version of the Bama breed of pigs, and offered them for sale to consumers.[20]

In 2017 scientists at the

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, a disease that causes major losses in the world-wide pig industry.[21]

Cattle

In 1991,

bovine in the world.[22][23] The announcement of Herman's creation generated considerable controversy.[24]

In 2016

CRISPR/Cas9.[25][26]

Dogs

genetically modified dog.[27] A cloned beagle, Ruppy and four other beagles produced a fluorescent protein that glowed red upon excitation with ultraviolet light.[28] It was hoped to use this procedure to investigate the effect of the hormone estrogen on fertility.[28]

A team in China reported in 2015 that they had genetically engineered beagles to have twice the normal muscle mass, inserting a natural myostatin gene mutation taken from whippets.[29][30]

Primates

In 2009 scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time. It was hoped that this would aid research into human diseases that cannot be studied in mice, for example Huntington's disease, strokes,[31][32] Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.[33]

Cats

In 2011 a Japanese-American Team created genetically modified green-fluorescent cats in order to study HIV/AIDS and other diseases[34] as Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is related to HIV.[35]

References

  1. PMID 16567624
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  2. PMID 10434294
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  6. ^ European Patent Register entry for European patent no. 0169672, under "Inventor(s)". Consulted on February 22, 2008.
  7. ^ Connor, Steve (2007-11-02). "The mouse that shook the world". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  8. ^ Highfield, Roger (2007-11-02). "Genetically engineered 'mighty mouse' is the rodent Lance Armstrong". London: Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2007-11-05.
  9. S2CID 11473955
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  10. S2CID 38107285
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  11. ^ Justice MJ, Noveroske JK, Weber JS, Zheng B, Bradley A: Mouse ENU mutagenesis" Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:1955-1963.
  12. S2CID 7525987
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  13. ISBN 978-3-527-30223-9
  14. ^ Cooke, Jeremy GM pigs: Green ham with your eggs? BBC News US & Canada, 4 January 2011, retrieved 5 January 2011
  15. ^ Hogg, Chris (12 January 2006) Taiwan breeds green-glowing pigs BBC News, Retrieved 1 September 2012
  16. ^ Staff (8 January 2008) Fluorescent Chinese pig passes on trait to offspring Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine AFP, Retrieved 31 August 2012
  17. ^
    PMID 21412358. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2014-03-26.
  18. ^ "Gene Transfer Breakthroughs at NTU: Advanced Biotechnology Creates Fluorescent Green Transgenic Fish and Pigs that Possess Ornamental and Research Value" (PDF). National Taiwan University Newsletter. 3: 14–15. December 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  19. S2CID 206427813
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  20. ^ Editor, Robin Mckie Science (2015-10-03). "£1,000 for a micro-pig. Chinese lab sells genetically modified pets". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  21. ^ "Super pigs created by scientists that are immune to 'mystery swine disease'". Express. 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  22. ^ Naturalis (2008). Herman the Bull stabled in Naturalis. Accessed on 3 January 2009 from www.naturalis.nl/naturalis.en/naturalis.en/i000968.html.
  23. S2CID 20074481
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  24. ^ Expatica News (2 April 2004). Herman the bull heads to greener pastures. Accessed on 3 January 2009 from http://www.expatica.com/nl/news/local_news/herman-the-bull-heads-to-greener-pastures--6273.html Archived 2014-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "Cloned bull could contribute to development of disease-resistant African cattle". ILRI news. 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  26. ISBN 978-0-12-816406-8
    p. 276
  27. ^ "Fluorescent puppy is world's first transgenic dog". New Scientist. 23 April 2009.
  28. ^ a b "World's First Transgenic Dog-Fluorescent 'Ruppy'". 2009-04-24.
  29. ^ Will Heilpern (28 October 2015). "Super-strong, genetically-engineered dogs -- Could they cure Parkinson's disease?". CNN.
  30. ^ Antonio Regalado (19 October 2015). "First Gene-Edited Dogs Reported in China". Technology Review.
  31. ^ Palmer, Jason (27 May 2009). "Glowing monkeys 'to aid research'". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  32. PMID 19478751
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  33. PMID 25264372
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  34. PMID 21909101
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  35. ^ Staff (3 April 2012) Biology of HIV Archived April 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Retrieved 31 August 2012
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