Goiânia accident
Date | September 13, 1987 |
---|---|
Location | Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil |
Coordinates | 16°40′29″S 49°15′51″W / 16.6746°S 49.2641°W |
Type | Radiation accident |
Cause | Radiation source left unsecured by authorities |
Participants |
|
Outcome | INES Level 5 (accident with wider consequences) |
Deaths | 4 |
Non-fatal injuries | 249 contaminated |
The Goiânia accident [ɡojˈjɐniɐ] was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on September 13, 1987, in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, after an unsecured radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site in the city. It was subsequently handled by many people, resulting in four deaths. About 112,000 people were examined for radioactive contamination and 249 of them were found to have been contaminated.[1][2]
In the consequent cleanup operation, topsoil had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished. All the objects from within those houses, including personal possessions, were seized and incinerated. Time magazine has identified the accident as one of the world's "worst nuclear disasters" and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) called it "one of the world's worst radiological incidents".[3][4]
Description of the source
The radiation source in the Goiânia accident was a small capsule containing about 93 grams (3.3 oz) of highly
Goiânia source | (TBq) | |
---|---|---|
1971 | 74 | |
1987 | 50 |
.9 |
Recovered | 44 | |
Unrecovered (c. 1987) | 7 | |
Unrecovered (c. 2016) | 3 |
.5 |
Smoke detector | 0 |
.000000037 |
The activity of the source was 74
The IAEA states that the source contained 1,375 Ci (50.9 TBq) when it was taken and that about 44 TBq (1,200 Ci) of contamination had been recovered during the cleanup operation. This means that 7 TBq (190 Ci) remained in the environment; it would have decayed to about 3.5 TBq (95 Ci) by 2016.
Events
Hospital abandonment
The Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR), a private radiotherapy institute in Goiânia,[1] was one kilometre (0.6 mi) northwest of Praça Cívica, the administrative center of the city. When IGR moved to its new premises in 1985, it left behind a caesium-137-based teletherapy unit purchased in 1977.[5] The fate of the abandoned site was disputed in court between IGR and the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, then owner of the premises.[6] On September 11, 1986, the Court of Goiás stated it had knowledge of the abandoned radioactive material in the building.[6]
Four months before the theft, on May 4, 1987, Saura Taniguti, then director of Ipasgo, the institute of insurance for civil servants, used police force to prevent one of the owners of IGR, Carlos Figueiredo Bezerril, from removing the radioactive material that had been left behind.[6] Figueiredo then warned the president of Ipasgo, Lício Teixeira Borges, that he should take responsibility "for what would happen with the caesium bomb".[6] The Court of Goiás posted a security guard to protect the site.[7] Meanwhile, the owners of IGR wrote several letters to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), warning them about the danger of keeping a teletherapy unit at an abandoned site, but they could not remove the equipment on their own once a court order prevented them from doing so.[6][7]
Theft of the source
On September 13, 1987, the guard tasked with protecting the site did not show up for work. Roberto dos Santos Alves and Wagner Mota Pereira illegally entered the partially demolished IGR site.
On September 15, Pereira visited a local clinic, where he was diagnosed with a foodborne illness; he was told to return home and rest.[1] Alves, however, continued with his efforts to dismantle the equipment and eventually freed the caesium capsule from its protective rotating head. His prolonged exposure to the radioactive material led to his right forearm becoming ulcerated, requiring amputation on October 14.[9]
Opening the capsule
On September 16, Alves punctured the capsule's aperture window with a screwdriver, allowing him to see a deep blue light coming from the tiny opening he had created.[1] He inserted the screwdriver and successfully scooped out some of the glowing substance. Thinking it was perhaps a type of gunpowder, he tried to light it, but the powder would not ignite.
The exact mechanism by which the blue light was generated was not known at the time the IAEA report of the incident was written, though it was thought to be either
Source is sold and dismantled
On September 18, Alves sold the items to a nearby scrapyard. That night, Devair Alves Ferreira, the owner of the scrapyard, noticed the blue glow from the punctured capsule. Thinking the capsule's contents were valuable or supernatural, he immediately brought it into his house. Over the next three days, he invited friends and family to view the strange glowing substance.
On September 21, at the scrapyard, one of Ferreira's friends (identified as "EF1" in the IAEA report) freed several rice-sized grains of the glowing material from the capsule using a screwdriver. Ferreira began to share some of them with various friends and family members. That same day, his wife, 37-year-old Maria Gabriela Ferreira, began to fall ill. On September 25, 1987, Devair Ferreira sold the scrap metal to a third scrapyard.
Ivo and his daughter
The day before the sale to the third scrapyard, on September 24, Ivo, Devair's brother, successfully scraped some additional dust out of the source and took it to his house a short distance away. There he spread some of it on the concrete floor. His six-year-old daughter, Leide das Neves Ferreira, later ate an egg sandwich while sitting on the floor. She was also fascinated by the blue glow of the powder, applying it to her body and showing it off to her mother. The egg sandwich was also exposed to dust from the powder; Ferreira absorbed 1.0
Maria Gabriela Ferreira notifies authorities
Maria Gabriela Ferreira had been the first to notice that many people around her had become severely ill at the same time.[13] On September 28, 1987 – fifteen days after the item was found – she reclaimed the materials from the rival scrapyard and transported them to a hospital.
Source's radioactivity is detected
In the morning of September 29, a visiting medical physicist
Health outcomes
News of the radiation incident was broadcast on local, national, and international media. Within days, nearly 130,000 people in Goiânia flooded local hospitals, concerned that they might have been exposed.
Fatalities
Ages in years are given, with dosages listed in grays (Gy).
- Admilson Alves de Souza, aged 18 (5.3 Gy), was an employee of Devair Ferreira who worked on the radioactive source. He developed lung damage, internal bleeding, and heart damage, and died October 28, 1987.
- Leide das Neves Ferreira, aged 6 (6.0 Gy), was the daughter of Ivo Ferreira. When an international team arrived to treat her, she was discovered confined to an isolated room in the hospital because the staff were afraid to go near her. She gradually experienced swelling in the upper body, hair loss, kidney and lung damage, and internal bleeding. She died on October 23, 1987, of "septicemia and generalized infection" at the Marcilio Dias Navy Hospital, in Rio de Janeiro.[15] She was buried in a common cemetery in Goiânia, in a special fiberglass coffin lined with lead to prevent the spread of radiation. Despite these measures, news of her impending burial caused a riot of more than 2,000 people in the cemetery on the day of her burial, all fearing that her corpse would poison the surrounding land. Rioters tried to prevent her burial by using stones and bricks to block the cemetery roadway.[16]She was buried despite this interference.
- Maria Gabriela Ferreira, aged 37 (5.7 Gy), wife of scrapyard owner Devair Ferreira, became sick about three days after coming into contact with the substance. Her condition worsened, and she developed hair loss and internal bleeding, especially of the limbs, eyes, and digestive tract. She suffered mental confusion, diarrhea, and acute about a month after exposure.
- Israel Batista dos Santos, aged 22 (4.5 Gy), was also an employee of Devair Ferreira who worked on the radioactive source primarily to extract the lead. He developed serious respiratory and lymphaticcomplications, was eventually admitted to the hospital, and died six days later on October 27, 1987.
Devair Ferreira survived despite receiving 7 Gy of radiation. He died in 1994 of
Other individuals
The outcomes for the 46 most contaminated people are shown in the bar chart below. Several people survived high doses of radiation. This is thought in some cases to be because the dose was fractionated.[1] Given time, the body's repair mechanisms will reverse cell damage caused by radiation.[20] If the dose is spread over a long time period, these mechanisms can mitigate the effects of radiation poisoning.[20]
Other affected people
Afterwards, about 112,000 people were examined for radioactive contamination; 249 were found to have significant levels of radioactive material in or on their body.[1] Of this group, 129 people had internal contamination. The majority of the internally contaminated people only suffered small doses (< 50 mSv, corresponding to less than about 1 in 200 excess risk of developing cancer later in life[21]). A thousand people were identified as having suffered a dose which was greater than one year of background radiation; it is thought that 97% of these people had a dose of between 10 and 200 mSv (between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 50 excess risk of developing cancer as a result[21]).
In 2007, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation determined that the rate of caesium-137 related diseases are the same in Goiânia accident survivors as they are in the population at large. Nevertheless, compensation is still distributed to survivors, who suffer radiation-related prejudices in everyday life.[22]
Legal matters
In addition to a public civil action for damages to the environment was brought in September 1995 by the Federal Public Prosecution Service (Department of Justice), together with the State of Goiás’ Public Prosecution Service, before the 8th Federal Court of Goiânia, legal proceedings were also brought against the Federal Union; the National Nuclear Energy Commission; the State of Goiás (through its Health Department); the Social Security Institute for Civil Servants in the State of Goiás – IPASGO, which at the time of the accident was the private owner of the land where the IGR was located; the four medical doctors who owned IGR; and the clinic’s physicist, who was also the supervisor.
On March 17, 2000, the 8th Federal Court of Goiás ordered the defendants to pay compensation of R$1.3 million (near US$750,000) to the Defence of the Diffused Rights Fund, a federal fund for the compensation of damage to the environment, consumers, property and rights of artistic, historic, or cultural value and other collective rights.
In his sentence, the Judge excluded the state of Goiás and the Federal Union from the payment of compensation.
The CNEN was ordered to pay compensation of R$1 million, to guarantee medical and psychological treatment for the direct and indirect victims of the accident and their descendants down to the third generation, to provide transportation to medical exams for the most serious victims, and was responsible for the medical follow-up for the people of Abadia de Goiás city.
The Social Security Institute for Civil Servants in the State of Goiás, IPASGO, was ordered to pay a fine of R$100 000, plus interest as of 13 September 1987, the date of removal of the Caesium 137 capsule.
As the accidents occurred before the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and because the substance was acquired by the clinic and not by the individual owners, the court could not declare the owners of IGR liable. However, one of the owners was fined R$100 000 because he was found liable for the abandoned state of the IGR building where the Caesium source was kept, including the removal of gates, windows, timberwork and the roof in May 1987.
The clinic’s physicist was also fined R$100 000 because he was the technician responsible for the control of the medical manipulation of the radiological device.
Although the two thieves were not included as defendants in the public civil suit, the judgement of the court found them directly responsible for the accident. If they had been arraigned as defendants, they certainly would have been convicted, as their actions led to strict (no-fault) liability. However, in terms of criminal intent, they were not aware of the seriousness of their actions in removing the Caesium source from its location, and they had no knowledge of the dangers of the radiological device; moreover, there was no danger sign erected in the abandoned clinic in order to ward off intruders.[23]
Cleanup
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2017) |
Objects and places
Means and methods
After the houses were emptied, vacuum cleaners were used to remove dust, and plumbing was examined for radioactivity. Painted surfaces could be scraped, while floors were treated with acid and Prussian blue mixtures. Roofs were vacuumed and hosed, but two houses had to have their roofs removed. The waste from the cleanup was moved out of the city to a remote place for storage. Aeroradiometric operations were undertaken by low-altitude survey, which was carried out over Goiânia. The radiometric equipment and materials available at the IRD[24] were quickly transported and mounted on a Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil helicopter provided by the police of the state of Goiás.[25]
Prussian blue was used to internally decontaminate many people, although by the time it was applied, much of the radioactive material had already migrated from the bloodstream to muscle tissue, greatly hampering its effectiveness. Urine from victims was treated with ion-exchange resin to compact the waste for ease of storage.
Recovery considerations
The cleanup operation was much harder for this event than it could have been because the source was opened and the active material was water-soluble. A sealed source need only be picked up, placed in a lead container, and transported to the radioactive waste storage. In the recovery of lost sources, the IAEA recommends careful planning and using a crane or other device to place shielding (such as a pallet of bricks or a concrete block) near the source to protect recovery workers.
Contamination locations
The Goiânia accident spread significant radioactive contamination throughout the Aeroporto, Central, and Ferroviários districts. Even after the cleanup, 7 TBq of radioactivity remained unaccounted for.
Some of the key contamination sites:
- Goiânia's Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR) (16°40′29″S 49°15′51″W / 16.6746°S 49.2641°W),[1] despite being the origin of the radiation source, suffered no actual exposure or breach of radioactive contents. IGR moved its clinic to another location in the city,[26] with the previous site having been replaced around 2000 with the modernized Centro de Convenções de Goiânia (Goiânia Convention Center).
- Roberto dos Santos' house (16°40′07″S 49°15′48″W / 16.66848°S 49.26341°W)[1] on Rua 57. The radioactive source was here for about six days, and it was partially broken into.
- Devair Ferreira's scrapyard (16°40′02″S 49°15′59″W / 16.66713°S 49.26652°W),[1] on Rua 15A ("Junkyard I") in the Aeroporto section of the city, had possession of the items for seven days. The caesium container was entirely dismantled, spreading significant contamination. Extreme radiation levels of up to 1.5 Sv·h−1 were found by investigators in the middle of the scrapyard.
- Ivo Ferreira's house (16°39′50″S 49°16′09″W / 16.66401°S 49.26911°W)[1] ("Junkyard II"), at 1F Rua 6. Some of the contamination was spread about the house, fatally poisoning Leide das Neves Ferreira and Maria Gabriela Ferreira. The adjacent junkyard scavenged the remainder of parts from the IGR facility. The premises were heavily contaminated, with radiation dose rates up to 2 Sv·h−1.
- "Junkyard III" (16°40′09″S 49°16′48″W / 16.66915°S 49.28003°W).[1] This junkyard had possession of the items for three days until they were sent away.
- Vigilância Sanitária (16°40′30″S 49°16′23″W / 16.675°S 49.273°W).[1] Here, the substance was quarantined, and an official cleanup response began.
Other contamination was also found in or on:[27]
- Three buses
- 42 houses
- fourteen cars
- five pigs
- 50,000 rolls of toilet paper
Legacy
Disposal of the capsule
The original teletherapy capsule was seized by the Brazilian military as soon as it was discovered, and since then the empty capsule has been on display at the Escola de Instrução Especializada ("School of Specialized Instruction") in Rio de Janeiro as a memento to those who participated in the cleanup of the contaminated area.[citation needed]
Research
In 1991, a group of researchers collected blood samples from highly exposed survivors of the incident. Subsequent analysis resulted in the publication of numerous scientific articles.[28][29][30][31]
In popular culture
A 1990 film, Césio 137 – O Pesadelo de Goiânia (Caesium-137 – The Nightmare of Goiânia), a dramatisation of the incident, was made by Roberto Pires.[32] It won several awards at the 1990 Festival de Brasília.[33] An episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Thine Own Self was partially inspired by the accident.[34]
Economic implications
Much of the radioactive substances were cleared after testing. However a gloom hung over the local residents, as they were asked for certificates stating that they were free of radioactivity. Also banned products from Goiânia created a public outcry, citing unjust discrimination.[35]
Foundation
The state government of Goiás established the Fundação Leide das Neves Ferreira in February 1988, both to study the extent of contamination of the population as a result of the incident and to render aid to those affected.[36]
See also
- List of civilian radiation accidents
- Ciudad Juárez cobalt-60 contamination incident, similar disaster in Mexico
- Radioactive scrap metal
- List of orphan source incidents
- 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident
- 1962 Mexico City radiation accident
- Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
- Samut Prakan radiation accident
- Therac-25
References
- ^ ISBN 92-0-129088-8. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2005.
- ^ a b c d Foderaro, Lisa (July 8, 2010). "Columbia Scientists Prepare for a Threat: A Dirty Bomb". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ "The Worst Nuclear Disasters – Photo Essays". Time.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Yukiya Amano (March 26, 2012). "Time to better secure radioactive materials". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ^ Puig, Diva E. "El accidente de Goiania. ¿Por qué hoy?". Apuntes sobre energia nuclear. Lo que los abogados deben saber sobre la tecnología nuclear (in Spanish). Noticias Jurídicas. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Godinho, Iúri (February 8, 2004). "Os médicos e o acidente radioativo" [The doctors and the radioactive accident]. Jornal Opção (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 9, 2004.
- ^ a b c Borges, Weber (May 27, 2007). "O jornalista que foi vítima do césio". Jornal Opção (in Portuguese).[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Planeta Diário". carlalacerda.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Aint No Way to Go: All That Glitters". www.aintnowaytogo.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Mãe acredita que Leide das Neves é a "santa" criada pela tragédia do césio". Jornal Opção (in Portuguese). September 16, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ "Brazil Deadly Glitter". Time. October 19, 1987.
- ^ Nicholson, Brian (October 18, 1987). "Brazil outraged over atomic accident". United Press International. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
- ^ "2 Die of Radiation Poisoning in Brazil". Los Angeles Times. October 24, 1987. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ "País está preparado para atuar em acidente radioativo" [Country is prepared to act in radioactive incident] (in Portuguese). Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI). September 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013. Note: person named only as "WF" in the IAEA report.
- ^ a b "Vida Verde" (in Portuguese). 1987. p. 15. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ^ "Memorial Césio 137" (in Portuguese). Greenpeace. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008.
- ISBN 9788585644086. Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ^ Irene, Mirelle (13 September 2012). "Goiânia, 25 anos depois: 'perguntam até se brilhamos', diz vítima". Terra. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ a b Chmiel, Edward. "Fractionation (radiation therapy)". Radiopaedia.org. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ a b https://nap.nationalacademies.org/resource/11340/beir_vii_final.pdf
- ^ UOL. Vítimas do césio 137 voltam a receber remédios e pedem assistência médica para todos Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. September 25, 2012
- ^ "Case Law and Administrative Decisions, Judgement of the Federal Court in the Public Civil Action concerning the Goiânia Accident" (PDF). OECD. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria - IRD
- ^ Conditions and results of the airborne radiometric survey
- ^ "IGR – Instituto Goiano de Radiologia". www.igr.com.br. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Steinhauser, Friedrich (November 2007). "Countering Radiological Terrorism: Consequences of the Radiation Exposure Incident in Goiania (Brazil)". Volume 29 NATO Science for Peace and Security Series: Human and Societal Dynamics: 7. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
- S2CID 33478289.
- S2CID 32582195.
- PMID 9042402.
- S2CID 38529905.
- IMDb
- ^ UraniumFilmFestival.org: Roberto Pires Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ https://nuclear-news.net/2019/08/03/the-nuclear-accidents-we-dont-hear-about-the-goiania-accident/
- ^ Simons, Marlise (December 2, 1987). "Radiation Fears Infect Brazil After Accident". The New York Times.
- ISBN 9783861355687. Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016.