Golden-spangled piculet
Golden-spangled piculet | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Piciformes |
Family: | Picidae |
Genus: | Picumnus |
Species: | P. exilis
|
Binomial name | |
Picumnus exilis (
Lichtenstein, MHC , 1823) | |
The golden-spangled piculet (Picumnus exilis) is a species of
Taxonomy and systematics
The
- P. e. clarus Zimmer, J.T. & Phelps, W.H., 1946
- P. e. undulatus Hargitt, 1889
- P. e. buffonii Lafresnaye, 1845
- P. e. pernambucensis Zimmer, J.T., 1947
- P. e. alegriae Hellmayr, 1929
- P. e. exilis (Lichtenstein, M.H.C., 1823)
However, the
This article follows the six-subspecies model.
Description
The golden-spangled piculet is 9 to 10 cm (3.5 to 3.9 in) long and weighs 8.5 to 10 g (0.30 to 0.35 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. e. exilis have a black cap and nape, with red spots on the forehead and white spots on the rest. Their face is yellowish white with dark speckles, bare grayish skin around the eye, and a pale stripe behind the eye. Their upperparts are olive green with darker centers to the feathers. Their
Subspecies P. e. undulatus has a more olive color on its upperparts than the nominate, with large black feather centers, and its wing coverts' tips are not as contrasting. P. e. clarus is yellower above than undulatus and has narrower dark bars on the underparts. P. e. buffonii has distinctive white spots with black borders on the tips of the wing coverts. P. e. alegriae is generally duller than the nominate, more olive above, and whiter below. P. e. pernambucensis has more olive upperparts than the nominate and more even bars on the underparts.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of golden-spangled piculet are found thus:[2][6]
- P. e. clarus, east-central Venezuela
- P. e. undulatus, from eastern Colombia through southeastern Venezuela into western Guyana and northern Brazil's state of Roraima
- P. e. buffonii, north of the Amazon River from eastern Guyana through Suriname and French Guiana to Amapá in northeastern Brazil
- P. e. pernambucensis, northeastern Brazil's Pernambuco and Alagoas states
- P. e. alegriae, northeastern Brazil south of the Amazon from northeastern Pará to northwestern Maranhão
- P. e. exilis, east central Brazil from Bahia south to Espírito Santo
The golden-spangled piculet inhabits a variety of wooded landscapes including
Behavior
Movement
As far as is known, the golden-spangled piculet is a year-round resident throughout its range.[6]
Feeding
The golden-spangled piculet's diet has not been fully defined but is known to include ants. It forages in the forest's lower strata, typically below 5 m (20 ft), and mostly takes its food from small branches, sometimes hanging upside down. It typically forages alone or in pairs and sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks.[6]
Breeding
Little is known about the golden-spangled piculet's breeding biology. It nests between December and March in Venezuela and Suriname. It excavates its nest hole in soft wood, such as in a stump.[6]
Vocalization
The golden-spangled piculet's song has been described as "tsilit, tsirrrr"[6] and an "extr. high, thin 'see see suw'."[7]
Status
The
References
- ^ . Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Winkler, H. and D. A. Christie (2020). Golden-spangled Piculet (Picumnus exilis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gospic1.01 retrieved January 10, 2023
- ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.