Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia
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Konstantin Pavlovich | |
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Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg |
Konstantin Pavlovich (
Konstantin was known to eschew court etiquette and to take frequent stands against the wishes of his brother Alexander I, for which he is remembered fondly in Russia, but in his capacity as the governor of Poland he is remembered as a hated ruler.[1]
Early life
Konstantin was born in
His paternal grandmother
Tsarskoe Seloto be called Konstantingorod.
The direction of the boy's upbringing was entirely in the hands of his grandmother, the empress
Catherine arranged Konstantin's marriage as she had Alexander's;
Konstantin's violent behaviour continued unabated. In 1802, he asked a close friend, General Karl Baur, to hand over his mistress, the wife of a Portuguese businessman, Madame Araujo. Baur agreed but Araujo refused to sleep with the Grand Duke. In retaliation, he had her kidnapped and brought to his Marble Palace where “he and his aides beat and gang-raped her, starting with generals, then officers and finally servants and guardsmen, breaking her legs and arms. She died soon afterwards.” Emperor Alexander I attempted to cover up the crime then, when General Kutuzov insisted on investigating, “announced a special commission which outrageously declared that Madame Araujo had died of a stroke”. Konstantin continued as the heir of the empire.[4]
Napoleonic Wars
During this time, Konstantin's first campaign took place under the leadership of
Konstantin never tried to secure the throne. After his father's death in 1801, he led a disorderly bachelor life. He abstained from politics, but remained faithful to his military inclinations, without manifesting anything more than a preference for the externalities of the service. In command of the
After the
During the campaign,
Governor of the Kingdom of Poland
Konstantin's importance in political history dates from when his brother, Tsar Alexander, installed him in
Alexander's policies were liberal by the standards of
Konstantin, attempting to execute his brother's mandate to silence dissent, strengthened the secret police (
After 19 years of separation, the marriage of Konstantin and Juliane was formally annulled on 20 March 1820. Two months later, on 27 May, Konstantin married the Polish
Succession crisis and Decembrist Uprising
When Alexander I died on 1 December 1825, Grand Duke Nicholas had Konstantin proclaimed emperor in Saint Petersburg. In Warsaw meanwhile, Konstantin abdicated the throne. When that became public knowledge, the Northern Society scrambled in secret meetings to convince regimental leaders not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. The efforts would culminate in the Decembrist revolt.
Under
Failed assassination and November Uprising
An assassination attempt was made on the life of Grand Duke Konstantin, which precipitated the November 1830 insurrection in Warsaw (the November Uprising).[12] After the attempt on Konstantin's life, a secret court was set up to prosecute those who were responsible. "It was learned that Nicholas had ordered the Grand Duke Konstantin ... to start an energetic investigation and court-martial the culprits ... the committee at its session of 27 November decided irrevocably to start the revolution on the evening of the 29th, at 6pm."[13] Like the assassination, the recruitment of army units by the rebels failed; only two units joined them, and only the capture of the armory and the subsequent arming of the populace kept the revolt alive.[14] Konstantin saw the revolt as a strictly Polish affair and refused to use troops, as he could have, because it was foolish politically. He could trust his Russian troops, but to use them might be considered a violation of the kingdom's independence and even an act of war.
Because of that setback, he was limited to the resources around him. If he decided to intervene, it would require a different source of manpower. He was limited to the handful of Polish troops he could gather together.[15] Constantin thus refused to send his troops against the revolutionaries: "The Poles have started this disturbance, and it's Poles that must stop it",[12] and he left the suppression of the revolt in the hands of the Polish government.
Polish Prince Ksawery Lubecki, realizing that the insurgents had formed no government by midnight, assembled some members of the council and other prominent personalities on his own initiative. They sent a delegation to the grand duke, but when he stated again that he did not wish to intervene in any way, the committees decided to take matters into their own hands. Konstantin's involvement remained minimal, showing considerable restraint in not wanting to use Russian troops to help put down the rebellion. The timid response that he did give was that he would not attack the city of Warsaw without giving it 48 hours' notice, that he would intercede between the emperor and the Polish Kingdom, and would not order Lithuanian troops to enter Poland. What he was trying to accomplish was to remain neutral at all costs, which led to a belief among his fellow Russians that he was more sensitive towards the Polish independence than to Russian dominance. The securing of neutrality from Konstantin gave the Polish government the feeling that Russia would not attack Poland and gave it the chance effectively to quash the uprising.
After ensuring Russian neutrality, Konstantin retreated behind Russian lines. That further confused the Polish government regarding its status with Russia because of a previous Russian promise to help put down the rebellion. The patriotic Poles could not have been more pleased. Konstantin, on 3 December, retreated toward Russia.[13] Following the failure of the uprising, Konstantin expressed admiration for the valor of the Polish insurgents. The policy of neutrality at all costs has led to Konstantin being viewed two ways through the scope of history. Either he would be viewed by the Russian royal family as weak and sympathetic to the Poles, or he would be seen as a seed for the idea of a soon to be independent Poland, but he was effectively only trying to avoid a wider war.
Death and legacy
Konstantin died of cholera in Vitebsk (now in Belarus) on 27 June 1831 and did not live to see the suppression of the revolution.[11] His frequent stands against the wishes of the Imperial Family were perceived in Russia as brave, even gallant.[1] In Poland, he was viewed as a tyrant, hated by the military and civilian population alike, and in Polish literature, Konstantin is portrayed as a cruel despot.[1][16]
Archives
Konstantin's letters to his grandfather, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, (together with letters from his siblings) written between 1795 and 1797, are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart (Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart) in Stuttgart, Germany.[17]
Honours
- Russian Empire:[18]
- Knight of St. Andrew, 1779
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1779
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 1779
- Grand Cross of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, 1798
- Knight of St. George, 3rd Class, 1806; 2nd Class, 8 October 1813[19]
- Knight of St. Vladimir, 1st Class, 11 November 1807[19]
- Habsburg Monarchy: Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1799[20]
- Two Sicilies:[21]
- Sweden:
- Knight of the Seraphim, 24 November 1800[23]
- Grand Cross of the Sword, 1st Class, 24 April 1814[24]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 7 April 1805[25]
- France:
- French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, 7 July 1807[26]
- Kingdom of France: Knight of the Holy Spirit, 1815[27]
- Kingdom of Bavaria: Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph, 30 April 1814[28]
- Kingdom of Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 1814[29]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, 1814; with Blue Band, 1818[30]
- Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 13 April 1817[31]
- Grand Cross of the Military William Order, 19 November 1818[32]
- Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1824[33]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia |
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Citations
- ^ )
- ^ a b c d e f g Seccombe 1911, p. 1.
- ISBN 90-5201-235-0.
- ^ Sebag Montefiore 2017, p. 284.
- ISBN 0-00-712374-4.
- ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1.
- Lukowski, p. 124
- Lukowski, p. 125
- ISBN 83-7129-273-2.
- Lukowski, p.127
- ^ a b Seccombe 1911, p. 2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-231-12819-3.
- ^ a b The Cambridge History of Poland; From Augustus II to Pilsudski. Cambridge University Press. 1941. p. 293.
- Lukowski, p.132
- ^ Leslie, R. (1969). Polish Politics and the Revolution of November 1830. Greenwood Press. p. 123.
- Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN(in Polish).
- ^ "Herzog Friedrich Eugen (1732–1797) – Briefwechsel des Herzogs mit dem kaiserlichen Hause von Russland, 1795–1797 – 3. Schreiben der jungen Großfürsten Alexander und Konstantin und Großfürstinnen Alexandrina, Anna, Katharina, Elisabeth, Helene, Maria". Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1799. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1799. pp. 45, 52, 61, 85.
- ^ a b Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. 90, 148.
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staats-Schematismus der Röm. Kais. auch Kais. Königlich- und Erzherzoglichen Haupt-und-Residenzstadt Wien, 1802, p. 439, retrieved 21 December 2020
- ^ "Capitolo XIV: Ordini cavallereschi", Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie (in Italian), 1829, pp. 415, 420, retrieved 22 December 2020
- ^ Angelo Scordo, Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie (PDF) (in Italian), p. 9, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016
- ISBN 91-630-6744-7.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Court Calendar for the Year 1821, p. 135
- ^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 15
- ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ Teulet, Alexandre (1863). "Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)" [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France (in French) (2): 113. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ Ruith, Max (1882). Der K. Bayerische Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden. Ingolstadt: Ganghofer'sche Buchdruckerei. p. 84 – via hathitrust.org.
- ^ Luigi Cibrario (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri. Eredi Botta. p. 98.
- ^ Württemberg (1831). Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1831. Guttenberg. p. 35.
- ^ Guerra, Francisco (1819), "Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro", Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 42, retrieved 2 November 2020
- ^ "Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Konstantin Pavlovitsj" [Military William Order: Romanov, Konstantin Pavlovich]. Ministerie van Defensie (in Dutch). 19 November 1818. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ Königlich sächsischer Hof-Civil-und Militär-Staat. Weidmann. 1828. p. 54.
References
- public domain: Seccombe, Thomas (1911). "Constantine Pavlovich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ISBN 9780307280510.
- ISBN 0-521-55917-0.
Further reading
- Karnovich's The Cesarevich Constantine Pavlovich (2 vols., St Petersburg, 1899).
- Pienkos, Angela T. (1987). The Imperfect Autocrat. Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich and the Polish Congress Kingdom. New York. ISBN 0-88033-113-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link