Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich | |
---|---|
Born | Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire | 14 January 1850
Died | 14 November 1908 Paris, France | (aged 58)
Burial | |
Spouse | Alexandra Zhukovskaya |
Issue | Alexei Alexeevich |
House | Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov |
Father | Alexander II of Russia |
Mother | Marie of Hesse and by Rhine |
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia (Алексе́й Алекса́ндрович; 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1850 in St. Petersburg – 14 November 1908 in Paris) was the fifth child and the fourth son of Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Chosen for a naval career, Alexei Alexandrovich started his military training at the age of seven. By the age of 20 he had been appointed lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Navy and had visited all Russia's European military ports. In 1871, he was sent as a goodwill ambassador to the United States and Japan.
In 1883 he was appointed general-admiral. He had a significant contribution in the equipment of the Russian navy with new ships and in modernizing the naval ports. However, after the Russian defeat in the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, and viewed as an incompetent and corrupt dilettante, he was relieved of his command. He died in Paris in 1908.
Early life
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
Alexei was chosen for a naval career since his childhood. At the age of 7 he received the rank of
- in 1860 the yacht Livada
- in 1861–1863 the yacht Zabava under the flag of Counter-Admiral Posyet in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia,
- in 1864 the frigate Svetlana in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea
- in 1866 the frigate Azore Islands.[1]
On 18 September 1866 Alexei was promoted to
In 1868 he went on a trip to southern Russia traveling by train from Saint Petersburg to Nikolayevsk, continuing by ship down the
In January 1870 Alexei Alexandrovich reached the
Love affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya
In 1869/1870, Alexei had an affair with
Some historians claim that they were morganatically married and that the marriage was annulled by the Russian Orthodox Church,[2][3] because, according to the "Fundamental Laws of the Imperial House", this marriage was illegal. However, articles 183 and 188, which prohibited marriages without the consent of the emperor, were included in the Fundamental Laws only by the 1887 revision under Tsar Alexander III. The rules valid in 1870 did not prohibit morganatic marriages, but simply excluded their offspring from the succession to the throne.[4][failed verification] There is no evidence either to the marriage or to the divorce. There is also no evidence that Alexei even requested the permission to marry. As Alexandra Zhukovskaya was not an aristocrat and, besides, the daughter of an illegitimate son of a Russian landowner and a Turkish slave, such a marriage would have been unthinkable.[5]
Upset by his son's affair, Alexander II even refused to grant Alexandra Zhukovskaya a title, which would have officially recognized the Grand Duke's paternity, even if illegitimate. Other European courts also refused to grant her a title. As a solution of last resort, on 25 March 1875 Alexandra was able to secure the title of Baroness Seggiano from the Republic of San Marino, with the right to transmit the title to her son and his firstborn male descendants. It was only in 1883, that Alexander III, Alexei's elder brother, granted the Baron Seggiano the title of Count Belevsky, and in 1893 approved his coat of arms.[5]
Overseas tours
United States
Voyage
After the official visit to
The Russian squadron, under the command of Admiral Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet on board the frigate Bogatyr, included the frigates Svetlana and General-Admiral, the corvette Russian corvette Ignatiev and the gunboat Russian frigate Abrek. Alexei was serving as lieutenant aboard the Svetlana. Before reaching the United States, the Russian squadron was to be met by the frigate Vsadnik of the Russian Pacific Fleet. Though all ships were equipped with steam engines, the squadron made the passage to America mainly under sail, so as to avoid making port on the route for coal supplies. In addition to Alexei's personal staff, the crew included 200 officers and over 3000 sailors. The squadron set sail out of Kronstadt on 20 August 1871.[7][8][9]
The squadron first stopped in
The Russian squadron was met by an American squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral
A welcoming committee had been formed in New York, chaired by
Reception by President Grant
On 22 November 1871, Alexei left for Washington, D.C. by special train, placed at his disposal by the
On 23 November, he was received by president
The visit to Washington was overshadowed by President Grant's discontent caused by the Russian government's refusal to recall
The next day, Alexei left by train for Annapolis where he visited the Naval Academy, thereafter returning to New York. [19][20]
East Coast
In New York, he visited the
Several balls were organized in his honor, the most important being the grand balls at the Navy Yard and at the
On 2 December 1871, a ceremony took place at the
On 3 December 1871, Alexei left for Philadelphia where he was received by general George Meade and Admiral Turner. He visited Girard College, Baird Locomotive Works and the Navy Yard. He was particularly interested in the Methodist Fair at the Horticultural Hall, where the ladies presented him with an Afghan Hound.[31][32]
On 6 December 1871, Alexei visited the Smith & Wesson factory in Springfield, Massachusetts and was presented with a fully engraved, carved pearl grip, cased Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolver. The gun and case cost the factory $400 but it was a worthwhile investment, as the company hoped for additional contracts. The Grand Duke proudly displayed his revolver as he toured the American Frontier and carried it on a buffalo hunt with the famous "Buffalo Bill" Cody.[33]
From 7 to 14 December, he stopped in
Alexei also attended a music festival where 1,200 school children composed the great choir. At the festival, a grand march of welcome, specially composed by Julius Eichberg and dedicated to "His Imperial Highness", was presented[34][35]
A ball in honor of the Grand Duke took place at the
Detour to Canada
On 17 December, Alexei left by train to Canada.
Midwest
On 23 December 1871, Alexei left by train for
The city was recovering from the"We have but little to exhibit but the ruins and débris of a great and beautiful city and an undaunted people struggling with adversity to relieve their overwhelming misfortunes."
He visited the destroyed part of the city and was impressed by the rhythm of the reconstruction. He gave US$5,000 (equivalent to $250,000 today) in gold to the homeless people of Chicago. Alexei also visited the stockyards and a pork processing plant.
As the Tremont House Hotel had been burnt to the ground, he was accommodated in the New Tremont House which had opened on Michigan Avenue, where he was awarded the "Freedom of the City". On New Year's Day General Philip Sheridan initiated him into the American custom of making "New Year's calls upon the ladies".[43] From 2 to 4 January he visited
In St. Louis, Alexei attended the burlesque show Blue Beard in which Lydia Thompson, a 36-year-old actress was singing a tune "If Ever I Cease to Love". It is claimed that he was fascinated both by the actress and the song. Supposedly, she had also sung the number privately for the duke during a rendezvous.[44] Later, while in St. Louis, Alexei became particularly enamored of one of his dance partners, a lady called Sallie Shannon of Lawrence, Kansas.[45]
Finally on 12 January he arrived in Omaha, Nebraska[46]
Trip to the hunting grounds
Preparations for the hunt were extensive and had been carried out under the command of General Joel Palmer. Two companies of infantry in wagons, two companies of cavalry, the cavalry's regimental band, outriders, night herders, couriers, cooks had been mobilized for the event.
The Grand Duke in the company of General
The Duke and General Sheridan rode in an open carriage, drawn by four horses. Buffalo Bill escorted the party with five ambulances, a light wagon for luggage, three wagons of "champagne and royal spirits" and fifteen to twenty extra saddle horses. The entire trip covered about 50 miles and took approximately eight hours.
The camp consisted of two hospital tents (used as dining tent), ten wall tents and tents for servants and soldiers. Three wall tents were floored and the Alexei's was carpeted with oriental rugs. Box stoves and Sibley stoves were provided for the tents.
Cody had discussed the hunt with Spotted Tail, chief of the Brulé Lakota, who had agreed to meet the "great chief from across the water who was coming there to visit him." About 600 warriors of different Sioux tribes, led by Spotted Tail, War Bonnet, Black Hat, Red Leaf, Whistler and Pawnee Killer, assembled to greet Alexei at the hunting camp. They had been provided with ten thousand rations of flour, sugar, coffee, and 1,000 pounds of tobacco for their trouble – twenty-five wagon loads in all.
At the start of the party, Spotted Tail, dressed in a suit, which didn't fit him, with an army belt upside down and an extremely awkward look was introduced to the Grand Duke. Then the Indian chief extended his hand, and greeted him in Lakota saying "How."[citation needed]
For the amusement of Alexei the Indians staged exercises of horsemanship, lance-throwing and bow-shooting. Then there was a sham fight, showing the Indian mode of warfare, closing up with a grand war dance. It was noticed that Alexei paid considerable attention to a good-looking Indian maiden. Concerned that his mother, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, might receive reports of his flirtations, he wrote her from St. Louis: "Regarding my success with American ladies about which so much is written in the newspapers, I can openly say, that this is complete nonsense. They looked on me from the beginning as they would look on a wild animal, as on a crocodile or other unusual beast." .[45]
A dispute broke out, but Alexei was able to calm down the fight with gifts of red and green blankets, ivory-handled hunting knives and a large bag of silver dollars. A formal council took place in Sheridan's tent and a peace pipe was passed around. Spotted Tail seized the chance to press his demand for the right to hunt freely south of the Platte River and for more than one store in which to trade.[45] [49]
Buffalo hunt
The big hunt took place on Alexei's 22nd birthday, 14 January 1872. He carried a Russian hunting knife and an American revolver bearing the coats-of-arms of the United States and Russia on the handle, which he had recently received as a present. The hunting party approached buffalo herd several miles up the Red Willow Creek. Alexei rode Buffalo Bill's celebrated buffalo horse "Buckskin Joe", which had been trained to ride at full gallop with a target so that the best shot could be made. As soon as a herd of buffalo was seen, some two miles away, Alexei wanted to make a charge but was restrained by Bill. The party moved to the windward and gradually approached the herd. Within a hundred yards of the fleeing buffalo, Alexei, not accustomed to shooting from a running horse, fired, but missed. Buffalo Bill rode up close beside him, handed him his own famed .48-caliber rifle, "Lucretia", the one with which he claimed to have killed 4,200 buffalo, and advised him not to fire until he was on the flank of the buffalo. When Alexei tried again, he brought down his game. The hide of the dead buffalo was carefully removed and dressed; Alexei took it home as a souvenir of his hunt on the western plains. Twenty to thirty animals were killed on the first day of the hunt. The party returned early to camp, where there was a liberal supply of champagne and other beverages provided, and the evening was spent in frontier style.
The next morning Spotted Tail requested the Grand Duke to hunt by the side of Two Lance, chief of the Nakota Sioux tribe, so that he could see a demonstration of the Indian way of hunting. Coming up to a herd of buffalo, Two Lance demonstrated his skill by killing a large animal with one arrow which passed entirely through the body of the running buffalo. The arrow was preserved and given to Alexei. He killed two buffalo, one of them at 100 paces distance, with a pistol shot.
On the conclusion of the hunt, when returning to Fort McPherson, General Sheridan proposed that Buffalo Bill take the reins and show Alexei the old style of stage driving over the plains with the horses at full gallop. The heavy ambulance bounded over the rough prairie, while the occupants could hardly keep their seats. Alexei was pleased with his hunting trip. When he and Bill parted in Fort McPherson, Alexei presented him with a fur coat and expensive cuff links.
From there the train continued to Denver where Alexei arrived on 17 January. While in Denver, he attended an honorary ball sponsored by the Pioneer Club and visited some mines. He apparently loved the new sport he had just learned and hunted buffalo again near Colorado Springs, on his return trip from Denver through Kansas to St. Louis. However, the horses used to hunt in eastern Colorado were cavalry mounts and unaccustomed to buffalo; several hunters were injured during the resulting confusion. Alexei was unhurt and succeeded in killing as many as 25 buffalo. He even shot a few more from the train on its way across western Kansas toward Topeka, which was reached on 22 January.[50] It is claimed that, by the time they reached St. Louis, the party's supply of caviar and champagne had been exhausted.[48][51][52][53][54][55][56]
General Custer became one of the Duke's best friends. He accompanied him and his entourage through Kansas, to St. Louis, New Orleans, and finally to Florida. They continued to correspond with one another up until Custer's death. In the United States, the hunt is remembered as "The Great Royal Buffalo Hunt". Starting from the year 2000, Hayes Center, Nebraska organizes each year the "Grand Duke Alexis Rendezvous" featuring a reenactment of the buffalo hunt.[57]
Alexei received as a gift from chief Spotted Tail an Indian
Southern states
While in St. Louis, Alexei made a short visit to Cincinnati on 26 January.[59] On 28 January he left by train for Louisville, Kentucky, where he visited the Mammoth Cave.[60][61][62] He continued his trip by steamer, arriving on 2 February 1872 in Memphis, Tennessee aboard the Great Republic. After visiting the city he left on 8 February aboard the James Howard and after a stop in Vicksburg[63] he finally arrived in New Orleans.
New Orleans
In New Orleans Alexei attended the 1872
There are many legends related to the Grand Duke's visit to New Orleans. It has been claimed that local business leaders had planned the first daytime parade to honor him, but this was not true. New Orleans was struggling to recover from the lingering effects of the Civil War. At the same time, many city leaders saw the need to bring some order to the chaotic street parades of Mardi Gras day. They had planned the parade all along and took the opportunity to capitalize on Alexei's visit. A new krewe of prominent citizens was formed, calling itself the School of Design, and its ruler was to be Rex (the organization is now known as the "Rex Organization"). The group of young men who founded the Rex Organization hoped not only to entertain the Grand Duke, but also to create a daytime parade that would be attractive and fun for the citizens of the city and their guests. They selected one of their members, Lewis J. Salomon, the organization's fund-raiser to be the first Rex, King of Carnival. Before he could begin his reign, he had to borrow a crown, scepter, and costume from Lawrence Barrett, a distinguished Shakespearean actor who was performing Richard III at the Varieties Theater.
At the same time, Lydia Thompson's tour had reached New Orleans and the Bluebeard burlesque was staged at the Academy of Music on St. Charles Avenue. Rumours of the courtship between Alexei and the actress had reached New Orleans and were amplified mainly to ensure a full house. Alexei had already seen the performance and didn't attend, hanging out at the Jockey Club. Besides, his preferences had shifted and he was captivated by the diminutive actress Lotta Crabtree who had one of the main roles in the play The Little Detective. Though the encounter was brief, Alexei sent her a gift in Memphis, her next stop after New Orleans.
Alexei attended the Rex parade. According to legend, the song "If Ever I Cease to Love", was chosen as anthem of the Rex parade, because it was claimed to be his favorite tune. Actually, the silly song had been written by George Leybourne and published in London in 1871. The song was already popular in New Orleans before the first Rex parade in 1872. the local adaptation of the lyrics was likely done local journalist E. C. Hancock whose newspaper had already published a spoof of the song in 1871. The lyrics of the song were adapted to the occasion and changed to:
Ride a buffalo in Texas
If Ever I Cease to Love"
The parade Alexei attended bears little resemblance to present day parades. Rex rode a horse, not a float and the parade that followed was made up largely of the informal maskers and marchers. There were however bands who stopped and played the Russian national anthem in honor of him. Many traditions such as the selection of Rex, the King of the Parade, the Rex anthem, the parade's colors date back to Alexei's visit.[65][66][67][68]
The Russian fleet set sail from Pensacola, Florida of 22 February 1872.[69] It is claimed that hundreds of pounds of iced buffalo meat were carefully stowed aboard.
While
Far East Tour
On its way home, the Russian squadron first stopped in Havana, Cuba, which it reached on 29 February 1872,[70] before sailing on to Rio de Janeiro where it arrived on 3 June 1872. Alexei entertained Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and the imperial court aboard the Svetlana.[71]
Sailing to the Far East, the squadron also stopped in Cape Town, Batavia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Canton and Shanghai[72][73][74][75][76]
Arriving in Japan on 15 October 1872, the Russian squadron cast anchor in
The Russian squadron left Nagasaki on 24 October, the next port of call being Kobe, where he was again greeted by the provincial governor. Alexei also attended a performance at the local theatre in Kobe.
On 1 November, the Russian squadron set sail for Yokohama. On 5 November, the Grand Duke was officially received by Japanese Emperor Meiji and the following day, viewed a parade of the Japanese armed forces. After a few days, the Emperor, at Alexei's invitation, went to Yokohama to see the Russian squadron. Following his intervention, 34 Japanese Christians were pardoned by the Emperor and released.[77][78]
On 26 November, the Russian squadron set sail for
Visit to England
In 1874, Alexei accompanied his father to England to visit his sister, the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, recently married to Queen Victoria's son Prince Alfred.[80]
Palace of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
After his return from America, Alexei was concerned about an appropriate residence. He purchased an older building located at 122 Moika River Embankment in Saint Petersburg. The building was completely redesigned and rebuilt by architect Maximilian Messmacher having a total surface of 9,200 sq.m. It is considered one of the most interesting examples of Saint Petersburg's eclectic architecture. The architect used a different style for each façade. The wrought iron and stone fence surrounding the palace and its gardens is also an interesting feature. The central gates are still ornamented with the Grand Duke's monogram, the meaning of which was overlooked by the Soviet authorities. In 1910, part of the gardens were sold for the construction of a candy factory. Though the palace was declared a national landmark in 1968, it remained in disrepair for many years.[81] After a restoration in the early 2000s, it was reopened in 2008 as the St. Petersburg Music House.[82]
Military career
In 1873, Alexei Alexandrovich was appointed head of the Imperial Naval Guards. He was also appointed member of the section for shipbuilding and naval artillery of the Russian Naval Technical Committee.
During the
In 1880, he was promoted to general adjutant. In 1882, after the accession of his brother Alexander to the throne, Alexei was appointed head of the Naval Department, replacing
Besides being the head of Russia's fleets, Alexei was also in command of the
As commander in chief of the navy, he was charged with modernization of the fleet, taking into account the rapid technological progress. During his tenure, he ensured a fivefold increase of the navy's budget. He was able to launch a series of pre-dreadnought battleships that were replacing the old ironclad ships. Thus, he was instrumental in the equipment of the Russian navy with several battleships of various classes:
- The Peresvet class, inspired by the British battleship HMS Centurion
- The Borodino class, based on a French design by the shipyards in La Seyne-sur-Mer
- The Petropavlovsk class designed at Galerniy Yard, St. Petersburg
- The Trafalgar-classbattleship
He also had older ironclads of the Imperator Aleksandr II class reconstructed by the French La Seyne yard. He also put new cruisers in service (among them the Aurora).
Alexei was instrumental in the modernization of the Russian navy. He reconstructed and developed the military harbours of
When tensions mounted in the Far East, he ordered the transfer of additional ships to
Russian
Alexei seems to have become aware of some these deficiencies. He decided to have more battleships of a single type and to have them designed abroad to meet the needs of the Russian navy. However, though he was an admirer of the British navy, the new battleships were conceived in France and had a poor design. The new Borodino-class battleships had tumblehome hulls and were unstable, having a high center of gravity. The drawbacks proved to be fatal for the Russian navy.[1]
Disgrace and dismissal
The Grand Duke's reputation as a corrupt, spendthrift dilettante, who lavished fortunes on "ladies of no reputation", had worsened throughout the years. Having purchased a magnificent mansion in Paris, he built a new wing of his St Petersburg palace for his mistress, ballerina Elizabeth Balletta.[84] According to Kaiser Wilhelm II, no ship in the Russian Fleet could be purchased "without the Grand Duke Alexis, the Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet, pocketing a quarter of a million roubles".[84] In 1903, thirty million roubles – half of the budget of the Russian navy – had disappeared without a single new ship being launched.[85] The Grand Duke was suspected of being involved in the misappropriation.[86]
At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the Russian First Pacific Squadron was able to resist the Japanese attack during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. However, the squadron was destroyed during the Battle of Port Arthur and the Baltic Fleet, sent for reinforcement, was completely defeated in the Battle of Tsushima. The Grand Duke had been a strong opponent of naval reform [87] and was considered partly responsible for the disaster. In 1904, the windows of his St. Petersburg palace were smashed by a crowd.[88] That same year, the audience of that city's French theatre "hissed him from the building".[89] When Balletta appeared on the stage in 1905 bedecked in diamonds, the audience cried: 'She has our fleet in her ears! On her every finger there is a cruiser!’.[85]
On 2 June 1905 O.S., Alexei was relieved of his command and retired.[90]
Life at the Russian court
His critics talked of Alexei's life as consisting of "fast women and slow ships", referring to his womanizing and the defeat of the Russian navy by the Japanese.[56] Away from his desk, Alexei devoted his time to the good things of life. He entertained generously and collected fine silver and other works of art to adorn his palace.[91] Sometimes he designed his own clothes.[91] A womanizer, he spent his vacations in Paris or in Biarritz, each time in the company of a different lady.
Around the late 1880s, he started a celebrated affair with the Duchess of Leuchtenberg, the
Beside his military duties, Alexei was also chairman of the Imperial Commission for the Promotion of Ballet.[58]
In 1904, he became one of the godparents of
Death
After the assassination of his brother
In fiction
The 1973
In 1977, Christopher Lee played a Russian Grand Duke hunting buffalo in three episodes of the TV-series How the West Was Won.[100][101]
The western hunt is alluded to in the 1994 film Maverick, starring Mel Gibson. In the film, the Duke is hustled, after he has grown bored with hunting animals, into thinking that he is hunting a Native American.
He appears as a character in Boris Akunin's novel The Coronation (2000) under the name Georgi Aleksandrovich.[58]
Honours
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1874[102]
- Denmark:[103]
- Knight of the Elephant, 17 June 1866
- Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 21 December 1878
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, November 1874[104]
- Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 8 June 1857[105]
- Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 19 November 1868[106]
- Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 17 June 1882[107]
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 11 March 1863[108]
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 26 July 1866[109]
- Kingdom of Prussia:[110]
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 January 1860
- Pour le Mérite (military), 22 March 1879
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 11 June 1879
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1 June 1868[111]
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 4 July 1897[112]
- Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 28 August 1873[113]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1864[114]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia |
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Notes
- ^ a b c d Ю.Л.Коршунов "Последний генерал-адмирал (Великий князь Алексей Александрович)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
- ^ Jacques Ferrand – Descendances naturelles des souverains et Grand-Ducs de Russie de 1762 à 1910, Paris, 1995
- ^ Jacques Ferrand – Les familles comtales de l'Ancien Empire de Russie, Paris, 1999
- ^ 1797 Fundamental laws of Emperor Paul I of Russia. Официальный сайт Российского Императорского Дома "Официальный сайт Российского Ð?мператорского Дома". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^ a b Stanislaw Dumin – Les Romanov et la république de Saint-Marin Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Question settled. Confirmation of the Grand Duke's visit to America" The New York Times 30 June 1871
- ^ "Grand Duke Alexis. His Departure For America In August The Fleet Fitting Out At Cronstadt The Probable Programme." The New York Times 16 May 1871
- ^ "Preparations for the American Tour of the Grand Duke." The New York Times 19 June 1871
- ^ "Grand Duke Alexis. Departure of His Imperial Highness from Cronstadt. He is in Command of a Royal Squadron." The New York Times 21 August 1871
- ^ "Imposing Reception of the Grand Duke Alexis at Plymouth. The English Fleet Tender Him an Imperial Salute. Festivities at the Royal Navy Club-House. The Duke of Edinburgh Receives His Royal Cousin. Preparations at London for the Duke's Reception" The New York Times 18 September 1871
- ^ "Departure of the Russian squadron for New York" The New York Times 27 September 1871
- ^ "The Russian Reception. Alexis Not Yet Arrived. Dates from Madeira" The New York Times 29 October 1871
- ^ "Official Reception of Prince Alexis Personals." The New York Times 4 October 1871
- ^ "The Coming Reception of the Grand Duke Alexis." The New York Times 27 April 1871
- ^ "Honors To Alexis. A Cordial Welcome To The Russian Grand Duke." The New York Times 22 November 1971
- ^ "On Board the Mary Powell. The Grand Duke's Reception by the Committee" The New York Times 21 November 1871
- ^ "On the Mary Powell; The Grand Duke's Reception by the Committee Speech of Gen. Dix and the Prince's Reply. Gen. Dix's Speech. The Grand Duke's Reply". The New York Times. 22 November 1871. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- ^ "The Grand Duke. Departure from New-York for the National Capital. A Special Train at His Service Throughout the Visit. Enthusiastic Reception by the People of Baltimore. Safe Arrival of the Visitors in Washington." The New York Times 23 November 1871
- ^ a b "White House – Royal And Titled Guests, 1908". Oldandsold.com. 24 February 1902. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "The Grand Duke Pays His Respects to the President." The New York Times 24 November 1871
- ^ "The City of Brooklyn.; The Grand Naval Ball. Honors to Grand Duke Alexis at the Brooklyn Navy-Yard" The New York Times 24 November 1871
- ^ "Arrival In This City. The Grand Duke Reaches This City at the Appointed Hour Programme for the Coming Week." The New York Times 25 November 1871
- ^ "The Grand Duke Visits the Federal Military Fortifications." The New York Times 25 November 1871
- ^ "A Quiet Sunday for the Grand Duke and His Party." The New York Times 27 November 1871
- ^ "The Grand Duke. His Movements Yesterday" The New York Times 28 November 1871
- ^ "Prince Alexis. Yesterday's Festivities in Honor of the Grand Duke." The New York Times 29 November 1871
- ^ "How Alexis Passed the Day A Shopping Excursion" The New York Times 30 November 1871
- ^ "The Grand Duke's Visit. A Trip to West Point" The New York Times 2 December 1871
- ^ "The Season of Opera". New York Times. 2 December 1871. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "Grand Duke Alexis. How He Passed His Time Yesterday And Last Evening. Presentation Of Admiral Farragut's Picture" The New York Times 3 December 1871
- ^ "The Grand Duke: Reception at Philadelphia" The New York Times 5 December 1871
- ^ "Return of the Grand Duke". New York Times. 6 December 1871. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ISBN 0873499530.
- ^ "Duke Alexis in Boston]" (PDF). New York Times. 9 December 1871. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "Alexis Visits the Boston Public Schools He Asks for Statistics, Reports, and Rules and Regulations" The New York Times 13 December 1871
- ^ "The Russian Prince – How He Passed His Second Day in Boston. Particulars Concerning the Ball" The New York Times 10 December 1871
- ^ "Expense of Boston Ball in Honor of the Grand Duke" The New York Times 20 December 1871
- ^ "Telegraphic Brevities" The New York Times, 15 December 1871[dead link]
- ^ "The Grand Duke. Breakfast with the Mayor of Montreal" The New York Times, 16 December 1871
- ^ "Royal Party at the Falls of Niagara. Telegram from Queen Victoria" The New York Times 25 December 1871
- ^ "Reappearance of the Grand Duke Alexis from the Canadian Snows His Future Movements" The New York Times 23 December 1871
- ^ "Westward Progress of the Grand Duke of Russia" The New York Times 27 December 1871
- ^ "Chicago – The Grand Duke and New Year's Day" The New York Times 4 January 1872
- ^ "Song 'If Ever I Cease to Love' is synonymous with Mardi Gras". Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7006-0754-9
- ^ "The Grand Duke Alexis arrived at Omaha" The New York Times 13 January 1872
- ^ "An Autobiography of Buffalo Bill". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ^ a b "The Hunt of the Grand Duke Alexis". Kancoll.org. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ From the Schoharie Republican, 11 Jan.. (14 January 1872). "Buffalo Hunting by the Grand Duke". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Grand duke enjoyed Topeka visit" Topeka Capital-Journal, 21 May 2001
- ^ The Grand Duke Alexis Archived 26 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-1-59605-627-5
- ^ "Andreas' History of the State of Nebraska". Kancoll.org. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "Buffalo Hunt in Nebraska by the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia in 1872". Americahurrah.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ Blankenship, Bill. "When a Romanov came a huntin'". CJOnline.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ a b Walt Sehnert "The Grand Duke Alexis" McCook Gazette, Monday, 31 December 2007
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References
- Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes. Atlantic, 1989. ISBN 0-938311-11-5
- Ferrand, Jacques, Descendances naturelles des souverains et grands-ducs de Russie, de 1762 à 1910 : répertoire généalogique, 1995.
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- Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn. Sutton Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2739-9