Guided missiles of India

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and one of four countries with anti-ballistic missile systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century.

Congreve rockets and introduction of rocketry in Europe.[1]

Research in missile technology resumed again after India's independence along with the

Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme
.

In 2017, India produced most of defined

MTCR defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems.[6] As per G Satheesh Reddy, India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology.[7]

History

Kingdom of Mysore

Main article: Mysorean rockets
Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.

Congreve rockets by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe.[1]

Post-independence

Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems.[8]

The phase-I of missile program was limited to development of a first generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) by DRDO. Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA-2 were developed. Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM, Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes, actuators, silver oxide-zinc batteries, booster and sustainer motors, air frame hard- ware such as fiberglass wings, ground launcher mecha- nisms, and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms. India later excepted the French offer to produce

Trishul), Medium range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).[10]

The

IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.[11] As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.[12]

The fourth phase of India's missile program stretched from mid-1990s to early 21st century. The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO's missiles and their deployment in battlefields. DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine launched ballistic missile

Dhanush. Spanning from 1970s to 2000s, India's missile programs have transitioned into a self-sustaining character.[13] Over the period from then, India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs, anti-ballistic missiles, air-to-air missiles, cruise missiles
and other systems.

Diplomatic and technological hurdles

After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

  • phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash (denied by the USA).
  • magnesium alloy used in Prithvi's wings (denied by Germany).
  • servo-valves needed for the electro-hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi.
  • gyroscopes and accelerometers (denied by France).
  • processors – Intel said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni.

To counter the

MTCR.[12]

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer.[14]

Missile Programs and Series

Abandoned programs

DRDO Anti Tank Missile

Main article: DRDO Anti Tank Missile

In 1959, Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided

Sino-Indian war in 1962 induced the government to fund the project.[16][17] Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0.5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m/s.[15] The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1.6 km to 2 km.[15][18]

Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile

Main article: Project Devil

The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer Soviet

surface to air missile. The program initially waned in favour of Project Valiant but was revived later after 1974. Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile, it later was completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs.[19][20]

Project Valiant: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Main article: Project Valiant

Project Valiant was one of two early

Project Devil, helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.[22] Though never reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s.[23]

Trishul

Main article: Trishul (missile)

Trishul was a short range surface to air missile to be used against low flying and

sea-skimming targets. The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg. Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies, Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli Barak 1 missile. The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface to air missile programs later.[24]

Successful and ongoing programs

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

Main article:
Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was a

Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007.[26]

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.

Indian armed forces.[27]

Further variants of Prithvi missile,

K missile family
went ahead later as independent projects.

Akash

Main articles: Akash (missile) and Akash-NG

Akash is a medium-range mobile

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India.[28][29] The missile system can target aircraft, cruise missiles, air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60  km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.[30][31][32][33] Variants like Akash-1S and Akash-NG have longer ranges, higher accuracy, higher mobility and lower reaction time.[34][35]

Anti-tank missiles

Main article: Nag (missile)

Nag, also referred as Prospina, is the currently serving third generation "

IFV mounted versions.[38]

Besides Nag,

SAMHO missile able to destroy tanks and low flying helicopters.[41]
Besides state-run programmes, Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems.

Tactical ballistic missiles

Main articles: Prithvi (missile), Prahaar (missile), and Pralay (missile)

Prithvi missiles were tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India. It goes from Prithvi-I (SS-150) with 150 km (93 mi) range to Prithvi-II (SS-250) and Prithvi-III (SS-350) with ranges of up to 350 km (220 mi).[42] Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III with ranges high as 750 km (470 mi).[43]

Solid fueled

PDV anti-ballistic missile.[47]

Agni series and Surya

Main article: Agni (missile)
Agni-V ICBM

The Agni missile series began as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.[5]

Longer range

MIRV emerged in early 2010s as separate projects.[48]

aircraft carriers.[49]

Surya with a range of 12,000–16,000 km (7,500–9,900 mi). Although, the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain.[53] Sources have speculated that Agni-VI might be Surya under new codename.[54]

Later, Agni-V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities [55][56]

K series

Main article: K Missile family

K (named after

nuclear submarines, their ranges vary from medium-range K-15 to intercontinental range K-6 (missile).[57]

The

Shaurya missile is a land attack variant of K-15 missile. The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic-cruise trajectory.[58]

BrahMos

Main articles:
BrahMos II

BrahMos (also known as PJ-10) are supersonic to hypersonic

air launched versions are under development.[59][60]

Other cruise missile programs

Main article: Nirbhay

Nirbhay is the Indian long range sub-sonic Cruise Missile under development and testing, expecting its air and submarine launched version after trials. It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa. Able to travel at speed of 0.6-0.9 mach. However, its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag. It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020. An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development. It is currently deployed on

2020 China-India standoff.[61][62]

Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine (STFE) developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and a Radio-frequency (RF) seeker from Research Centre Imarat (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development. Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay.[63]

Astra

Main article: Astra (missile)

Astra are India's fifth-generation

beyond-visual-range active radar homing air-to-air missile series.[64] The current version in service has a range from 10 km (6.2 mi) to 110 km (68 mi) similar to AIM-120 AMRAAM while versions up to 350 km (220 mi) and intermediate ranges are being developed.[65]

A surface to air missile variant VL-SRSAM has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy's Barak 1 missiTN1 With supplementary Akash missile systems along, it forms a surface to air missile system similar to American NASAM 2.[65]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

Main article: Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
AAD anti-ballistic missile

In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan, the development of

ICBMs and hypersonic cruise missiles. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk. 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD.[69] PDV Mk. 2 has also demonstrated anti-satellite capability.[70]

Other systems

advance warning systems. This was named as Rudram-1, with a range of 100–250 km.[72] Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory
(DRDL), which specialises in missile development. Such missiles can be mounted on the
Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter planes.[73]

List of guided missiles

Main article: List of Indian military missiles
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Air to air

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Astra (missile) Astra Mk1
beyond visual range air-to-air missile
 110 km (68 mi) Mach 4.5 High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead 2018 In Service [74][75]
Astra Mk2
beyond visual range air-to-air missile
 160 km (99 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76][77][78]
Astra Mk3
beyond visual range air-to-air missile
 350 km (220 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76]
Novator KS-172
beyond visual range air-to-air missile
 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi) Mach 3.3 High-explosive fragmentated directional warhead 2007 In Service [79]
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology demonstration testbed for future
beyond visual range missile air-to-air missile
 350 km (220 mi) Mach 4.5[80] TBD In trials [81][82]
MICA (missile) beyond visual range air-to-air missile 500 m to 60 km Mach 4 2012 In service [83]

Anti-radiation

Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Rudram-1
 Anti-radiation missile 150 km (93 mi)[84] Conventional TBD Under development [85]
Rudram-2 Air to surface anti-radiation missile 300 km (190 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [86]
Rudram-3 Air to surface missile 550 km (340 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [87]

Anti-satellite

See also: Mission Shakti
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2
Family Name Type Interception altitude Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II
 Exo-atmospheric
Hit-to-kill anti-ballistic missile
 1,200 km (750 mi)
Kinetic kill vehicle
 Unknown Being tested [88]

Anti-ship

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
NASM-SR Short range anti-ship missile 55+ km Conventional or nuclear 100 kg TBD In user trials [89][90]
Naval anti ship missile -MR
 Medium range anti-ship missile 150–250 km Conventional 150 kg TBD In development [89][90]
BrahMos Brahmos-A Anti-ship cruise missile 400 km Conventional or nuclear In Service

Anti-submarine

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
SMART Long-range anti-submarine missile 643+ km Conventional 50 kg TBD In development [91]

Anti-tank

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
DRDO Anti Tank Missile Wire guided first generation
anti-tank missile
 1.6 km (0.99 mi) HEAT - Cancelled [15]
Nag (missile)
Prospina
 Third generation land-attack ATGM 4 km (2.5 mi) Tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank 2016 In service [92]
HeliNa/Dhruvastra Air-launched ATGM 10 km (6.2 mi) TBD Being Inducted [93]
Stand off Anti-Tank missile Standoff Air-launched ATGM 20 km (12 mi) TBD Development trials [94]
MPATGM
anti-tank missile
 2.5 km (1.6 mi) TBD Developmental trials [95]
Amogha missile Amogha-1 Second generation anti-tank guided missile 2.8 km (1.7 mi) HEAT TBD Developmental trials [96]
Air-launched Amogha Air-launched anti-tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
Man portable Amogha
anti-tank missile
 HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
SAMHO
 Cannon launched
ATGM
 5 km (3.1 mi) Tandem HEAT TBD Developmental trials [98][99][100]

Ballistic

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi (missile) Prithvi-I (SS-150) surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear 1994 Being withdrawn [101]
Prithvi-II (SS-250)
short range ballistic missile
 250 to 350 km (160 to 220 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2003 In Service [102]
Prithvi-III (SS-350) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 350 to 600 km (220 to 370 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2004 In Service [103]
Dhanush surface-to-surface Anti-ship ballistic missile 350 to 750 km (220 to 470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [104]
Agni (missile) Agni-I
medium range ballistic missile
 900 to 1,200 km (560 to 750 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2002 In Service [105]
Agni-P
medium range ballistic missile
 1,000 to 2,000 km (620 to 1,240 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2021 In development [106]
Agni-II
medium range ballistic missile
 2,000 to 3,500 km (1,200 to 2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2010 In Service [107]
Agni-III
intermediate range ballistic missile
 3,500 to 5,000 km (2,200 to 3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2011 In Service [108]
Agni-IV
intermediate range ballistic missile
 4,000 km (2,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2014 In Service [109]
Agni-V surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 5,500 to 8,000 km (3,400 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [110]
Agni-VI surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 10,000 to 12,000 km (6,200 to 7,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [111]
Surya missile surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 16,000 km (9,900 mi) Conventional or nuclear Unknown Unconfirmed [112]
K missile family
 K-15 (Sagarika) short range
submarine launched ballistic missile
 750 km (470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [113]
K-4 medium range
submarine launched ballistic missile
 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In Service [114]
K-5 intermediate range
submarine launched ballistic missile
(IR-SLBM) 		5,000 km (3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
K-6 intercontinental
submarine launched ballistic missile
(IC-SLBM) 		6,000 to 8,000 km (3,700 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
Prahaar Prahaar surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In trials [116]
Pragati surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 170 km (110 mi) Conventional —
(For export) 		In development [117][118]
Pranash surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 200 km (120 mi) Conventional TBD In development [119]
Pralay
short range ballistic missile
(SRBM) 		500 km (310 mi) Conventional TBD In service [120]

Cruise

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
BrahMos BrahMos Block I Supersonic Ship launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) Mach 3 Conventional or nuclear 2007 In service [121]
Supersonic Land launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2008/2010 In service
BrahMos Block II Supersonic Land launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2012 In service
BrahMos Block III Supersonic Land launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos-A Supersonic Air launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 400 km (250 mi) 2020 In service
Submarine launched BrahMos Supersonic Submarine launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos ER Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 600 km (370 mi) 2022 In service
BrahMos NG Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) TBD In development
BrahMos-II Hypersonic cruise missile 600–1,000 km (370–620 mi) Mach 8 Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [60]
Nirbhay (missile)
 Subsonic land-attack cruise missile 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi) Mach 0.9 Conventional or nuclear 2019 In service [122][61]

Surface to air

Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
VSHORAD (India) Very Short range
surface to air missile
 6 km (3.7 mi) 3.5 km (2.2 mi) Mach 1.5 High explosive In development trials [123]
Trishul (missile) Short range
surface to air missile
 9 km (5.6 mi) Mach 1+ High explosive 1983 Retired [24]
Akash (missile) Akash Mk I Medium range
surface to air missile
 30 km (19 mi) 18 km (11 mi) Mach 2.8-3.5
High-explosive
, pre-fragmented warhead 		2009 In service [124]
Akash Mk II 40 km (25 mi) 20 km (12 mi)
High-explosive
, pre-fragmented warhead 		TBA Developmental trials [125]
Akash-NG 70 km (43 mi) 20 km (12 mi)
High-explosive
, pre-fragmented warhead 		TBA Developmental trials [126][127][128]
Maitri (missile) Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km (19 mi) The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the QRSAM and VL-SRSAM missiles for the use of the Indian Army and Indian Navy respectively.
QRSAM Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km (19 mi) 10 km (6.2 mi) 2022 Being inducted [129]
VL-SRSAM Short range surface to air missile 50 km (31 mi)
High-explosive
, pre-fragmented warhead 		Being tested [130]
SAMAR Air Defence System Short range surface to air missile 12–40 km (7.5–24.9 mi)
High-explosive
, pre-fragmented warhead 		In use [131][132]
Barak 8 MRSAM Medium range
surface to air missile
 70 km

(43 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Mach 2+ Proximity censor based 2020 In service [133]
LRSAM Long range
surface to air missile
 100 km

(62 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Proximity censor based 2019 In service [134]
S-400 400 km
ER-SAM Extended range
surface to air missile
 250 km (160 mi) High explosive TBD In development
XR-SAM
 Long range
surface to air missile
 400 km (250 mi) High explosive TBD In development [135][136]

Ballistic Missile Defence

Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Phase I of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
Prithvi Air Defence
 Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 300 km (190 mi)-2,000 km (1,200 mi) 50 km (31 mi)-180 km (110 mi)[137] Mach 5+ Proximity fuze 2006 Being inducted [138]
Advanced Air Defence
 Endo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) 15 km (9.3 mi)-40 km (25 mi)[137] Mach 4.5
Hit-to-kill
 2007 Being inducted [139]
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 2,000 km (1,200 mi) 150 km (93 mi)
Hit-to-kill
 2019 In trials [140]
Phase II of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi)
Hit-to-kill
 TBD Developmental trials [141]
AD-1 Anti-ballistic missile 5,000 km (3,100 mi)[142] TBA
Hit-to-kill
 TBD In development [143][144]
AD-2 Anti-ballistic missile TBA TBA
Hit-to-kill
 TBD In development

Other systems

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
K missile family
 Shaurya (missile) Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile 700 km (430 mi) Mach 7.5 Conventional or nuclear 2011 In service [145]
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Testbed for development of hypersonic systems Mach 12 — 2019 Being tested [146]

Guided and unguided rocket systems

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka Mk I Multiple rocket launcher 40 km (25 mi) Various 1998 In service [147]
Pinaka Mk II/Guided Pinaka 90 km (56 mi) Various TBA In trials [148]
Indian long range MRL Multiple rocket launcher 120 km (75 mi) Various TBD In development [149]

Research and development organisations

Current missile research and development in India happens under the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), and a group of laboratories collectively called the Missile Complex Laboratories.[150]

See also

Notes and references

Citations

  • Kampani, Gaurav (2003). "Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program" (PDF). Non-proliferation Review. 10 (3). James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies: 48–70 – via Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

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Notes

External links

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