R-60 (missile)

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Vympel R-60
AA-8 "Aphid"
J-22 Orao

The Molniya (now Vympel) R-60 (NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") is a short-range lightweight infrared homing air-to-air missile designed for use by Soviet fighter aircraft. It has been widely exported, and remains in service with the CIS and many other nations.

History

The R-60 was initially developed for the

MiG-23
. Work began on the weapon, under the bureau designation K-60 (izdeliye 62), in the late 1960s. Series production began in 1973. It entered service with the designation R-60 (NATO reporting name "Aphid-A").

When introduced, the R-60 was one of the world's lightest and most agile air-to-air missiles, with a launch weight of 44 kg (97 lb). It has

high explosive fragmentation warhead. Two different types of proximity fuze can be fitted: the standard Strizh (Swift) optical fuse, which can be replaced with a Kolibri active radar fuse. Missiles equipped with the latter fuse were designated R-60K.[2]

According to Russian sources,[

AIM-9X. The R-60 can be used by aircraft maneuvering at up to 9g
against targets maneuvering at up to 8g. A tactical advantage is the short minimum range of only 300 m (330 yd).

Soviet practice was to manufacture most air-to-air missiles with interchangeable IR-homer and semi-active radar homing (SARH) seekers – however, an SARH version of the R-60 was never contemplated due to the small size of the missile which makes a radar-homing version with an antenna of reasonable size impractical.

An inert training version, alternatively designated UZ-62 and UZR-60, was also built.

An upgraded version, the R-60M (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-B"), using a nitrogen-cooled seeker with an expanded view angle of ±20°, was introduced around 1982. Although its seeker is more sensitive than its predecessor, the R-60M has only limited all-aspect capability. Minimum engagement range was further reduced, to only 200 m (220 yd).[3] The proximity fuzes had improved resistance to ECM, although both optical and radar fuzes remained available. The export version with the Kolibri-M Radar-fuze are designated R-60MK (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-C").[4] The R-60M is 42 mm (1.7 in) longer, and has a heavier, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) continuous-rod warhead, increasing launch weight to 45 kg (99 lb). In some versions the warhead is apparently laced with about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) of depleted uranium which is intended to fragment upon detonation.[5]

The inert training version of the R-60M was the R-60MU.

Two R-60 missiles mounted on a MiG-29K

Since 1999, a modified version of the weapon has been used as a

anti-aircraft artillery system. It has also been seen carried on a twin rail mount on a modified M53/59 Praga armored SPAAG of (former) Czechoslovakian origin. These missiles have been modified with the addition of a first stage booster motor, with the missile's own motor becoming the sustainer. This was done in lieu of modifying the missile's motor for ground launch, as in the case of the US MIM-72 Chaparral
.

The current Russian dogfight missile is the R-73 (AA-11 "Archer"), but large numbers of R-60 missiles remain in service.

Operational history

Soviet Union

On 20 April 1978, two R-60 missiles were fired at Korean Air Lines Flight 902 after a navigational error had caused it to fly into Soviet airspace. One missile hit, detaching 4 meters of the left wing and killing 2 passengers. The plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.[6]

On 21 June 1978, a PVO MiG-23M flown by Pilot Captain V. Shkinder shot down two Iranian Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters that had trespassed into Soviet airspace, one helicopter being dispatched by two R-60 missiles and the other by cannon fire.

Syria

Several Russian reports affirm the R-60 was widely used during the

F-15 using an R-60, but the Israeli aircraft was able to make it back to its base and was subsequently repaired.[9]

Iraq

On 11 August 1984, during the

F-14A piloted by Hashem All-e-Agha using an R-60.[10]

Iraqi MiG-23s damaged two EF-111A Raven by R-60 (missile)s during the Gulf War.[11]

On 19 January 1991, during the Gulf War, Iraqi air force pilot Jameel Sayhood claimed to have shot down a Royal Air Force Panavia Tornado with an R-60 missile. However, the Royal Air Force claimed that the aircraft crashed on 22 January 1991 on a bombing mission in Ar Rutba.

Angola/Cuba

On 27 September 1987, during Operation Moduler, two Cuban FAR MiG-23MLs intercepted Captain Arthur Piercy's Mirage F1CZ, which was damaged by an R-60 fired head-on by Major Alberto Ley Rivas. The explosion destroyed the aircraft's drag chute and damaged the hydraulics. Piercy was able to recover to AFB Rundu, but the aircraft overshot the runway. The impact with the rough terrain caused Piercy's ejection seat to fire, but he failed to separate from the seat and suffered major spinal injuries.[12][9]

India

In 1999, an

Breguet Atlantic which intruded over Indian airspace. Part of the wreckage was found in contested territory, this incident is widely known as the Atlantic incident
.

Operators

Map with R-60 operators in blue and former operators in red

Current operators

 Angola[13]
 Armenia
 Bulgaria
 Croatia[14]
 Cuba
 Georgia[15]
 India[16]
 Iran[17]
 Kazakhstan[18]
 Libya[19]
 North Korea
 Peru[20]
 Poland[21]
 Romania
 Russia[22]
 Serbia
 Slovakia
 Sudan[23]
 Syria[24]
 Ukraine
 Vietnam
 Yemen[25]
 Zimbabwe[26]

Former operators

Passed on to successor states.
Was used on the
AIM-9M.[citation needed
]
Passed on to successor states.
Passed on to successor states.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molniya R-60.
Citations
  1. ^ (in Ukrainian) Spring of 1978. How USSR downed over Karelia the Korean "Boeing". (The homing device was produced at the Kiev Arsenal factory.)
  2. ^ Gordon, Yefim, Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two (Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2004), pp. 29–32.
  3. ^ Mladenov, Alexander, "Air-to-air missiles for the fighter 'Flogger'", International Air Power Review vol. 14, 2004, pp. 90–91.
  4. ^ "R-60MK". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Health Risks of Using Depleted Uranium," Venik's Aviation, 2001.
  6. Ukrayinska Pravda
     (in Ukrainian). 4 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  7. ^ SyAAF MiG-23 combat record. Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "-23". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Piloto SAAF derribado por MiG-23 cubano". Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  10. ^ Cooper 2018, p. 36
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091111151554/http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=47
  12. ISBN 0-620-24116-0
    .
  13. ^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.
  14. ^ Trendafilovski, Vladimir (24 December 2020). "Knights over Croatia". Key Aero. Key Publishing. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Fighter SU-25KM (Scorpion)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  16. ^ "Mirage and Fulcrum in close formation". Bharat Rakshak. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  17. ^ Mladenov 2015, p. 86
  18. ^ Gordon & Komissarov 2019, p. 400
  19. ^ Cooper 2018, p. 60
  20. ISBN 978-1-78200-359-5
    .
  21. ^ "Wiadomości - Altair Agencja Lotnicza". www.altair.com.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  22. ^ Mladenov 2015, p. 62
  23. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 150
  24. ^ Cooper 2018, p. 66
  25. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7
    .
  26. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 214
  27. ^ Cooper 2018, p. 49
  28. ^ Gordon & Komissarov 2019, p. 372
  29. ^ Gordon & Komissarov 2019, p. 446
  30. ^ Cooper 2018, p. 23
  31. ^ Gordon & Komissarov 2019, p. 193
Bibliography
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