HDAC9
Histone deacetylase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC9 gene.[5][6][7]
Function
Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene has sequence homology to members of the histone deacetylase family. This gene is orthologous to the Xenopus and mouse MITR genes. The MITR protein lacks the histone deacetylase catalytic domain. It represses MEF2 activity through recruitment of multicomponent corepressor complexes that include CtBP and HDACs. This encoded protein may play a role in hematopoiesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts have been described for this gene but the full-length nature of some of them has not been determined.[7]
Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), a member of class II HDACs, regulates a wide variety of normal and abnormal physiological functions.
Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene has sequence homology to members of the histone deacetylase family. This gene is orthologous to the Xenopus and mouse MITR genes. The MITR protein lacks the histone deacetylase catalytic domain. It represses MEF2 activity through recruitment of multicomponent corepressor complexes that include CtBP and HDACs. This encoded protein may play a role in hematopoiesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts have been described for this gene but the full-length nature of some of them has not been determined.
Research
intracranial aneurysm
HDAC9 and BCL2L11 are upregulated while miR-92a was downregulated in clinical samples and rat models of intracranial aneurysm (IA). HDAC9 inhibition or miR-92a elevation improved pathological changes and repressed apoptosis and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and inflammatory factors in vascular tissues from IA rats. Oppositely, HDAC9 overexpression or miR-92a reduction had contrary effects. miR-92a downregulation reversed the effect of silenced HDAC9 on IA rats. HDAC9 inhibition upregulates miR-92a to repress the progression of IA via silencing BCL2L11.[8]
Data partially confirmed earlier results and showed that variants in CDKN2B-AS1, RP1, and HDAC9 could be genetic susceptibility factors for IA in a Chinese population.[9]
ischemic brain injury
Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) has been reported to be elevated in ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism in stroke is still enigmatic. CTCF inhibited miR-383-5p expression via its enrichment in the promoter region of miR-383-5p, whereas the miR-383-5p targeted and inhibited HDAC9 expression.[10] In the oxygen glucose deprivation cell model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model, elevation of HDAC9 is regulated by the CTCF/miR-383-5p/HDAC9 pathway mediated apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, while reduction of HDAC9 alleviated apoptosis and the symptoms of cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Thus, the CTCF/miR-383-5p/HDAC9 pathway may present a target for drug development against ischemic brain injury 6).[11]
HDAC9 is highly expressed in MCAO mice and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) stimulated cells. Silencing of HDAC9 inhibited neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory factor release in vitro. HDAC9 downregulated miR-20a by enriching in its promoter region, while silencing of HDCA9 promoted miR-20a expression. miR-20a targeted Neurod1 and down-regulated its expression. Silencing of HDAC9 diminished OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory factor release in vitro as well as ischemic brain injury in vivo by regulating the miR-20a/NeuroD1 signaling. HDAC9 silencing may retard ischemic brain injury through miR-20a/Neurod1 signaling.[11]
Glioblastoma
HDAC9 is over-expressed in prognostically poor glioblastoma patients. Knockdown HDAC9 decreased proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. HDAC9 accelerated cell cycle in part by potentiating the EGFR signaling pathway. Also, HDAC9 interacted with TAZ, a key downstream effector of Hippo pathway. Knockdown of HDAC9 decreased the expression of TAZ. We found that overexpressed TAZ in HDAC9-knockdown cells abrogated the effects induced by HDAC9 silencing both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC9 promotes tumor formation of glioblastoma via TAZ-mediated EGFR pathway activation.[12]
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
HDAC9 was suggested to contribute to developmental delay in
Motor innervation control of gene expression
Motor innervation controls chromatin acetylation in
Interactions
HDAC9 has been shown to
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000048052 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004698 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 10523670.
- PMID 10487760.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: HDAC9 histone deacetylase 9".
- S2CID 231678641.
- PMID 31250579.
- S2CID 251349105.
- ^ PMID 33584204.
- PMID 25760078.
- S2CID 44464369.
- S2CID 9965030.
- ^ S2CID 219726725.
- ^ PMID 12242305.
- ^ PMID 12590135.
- PMID 10655483.
- S2CID 4070837.
- PMID 10487761.
- S2CID 39220205.
- PMID 11959865.
Further reading
- Marks PA, Richon VM, Rifkind RA (August 2000). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors: inducers of differentiation or apoptosis of transformed cells". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 92 (15): 1210–1216. PMID 10922406.
- Verdin E, Dequiedt F, Kasler HG (May 2003). "Class II histone deacetylases: versatile regulators". Trends in Genetics. 19 (5): 286–293. PMID 12711221.
- Sanger Centre, The; Washington University Genome Sequencing Cente, The (November 1998). "Toward a complete human genome sequence". Genome Research. 8 (11): 1097–1108. PMID 9847074.
- Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, et al. (October 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XI. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (5): 277–286. PMID 9872452.
- Miska EA, Karlsson C, Langley E, Nielsen SJ, Pines J, Kouzarides T (September 1999). "HDAC4 deacetylase associates with and represses the MEF2 transcription factor". The EMBO Journal. 18 (18): 5099–5107. PMID 10487761.
- Zhou X, Richon VM, Rifkind RA, Marks PA (February 2000). "Identification of a transcriptional repressor related to the noncatalytic domain of histone deacetylases 4 and 5". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1056–1061. PMID 10655483.
- Youn HD, Grozinger CM, Liu JO (July 2000). "Calcium regulates transcriptional repression of myocyte enhancer factor 2 by histone deacetylase 4". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (29): 22563–22567. PMID 10825153.
- Zhang CL, McKinsey TA, Lu JR, Olson EN (January 2001). "Association of COOH-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) and MEF2-interacting transcription repressor (MITR) contributes to transcriptional repression of the MEF2 transcription factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 35–39. PMID 11022042.
- Fischle W, Dequiedt F, Fillion M, Hendzel MJ, Voelter W, Verdin E (September 2001). "Human HDAC7 histone deacetylase activity is associated with HDAC3 in vivo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (38): 35826–35835. PMID 11466315.
- Zhou X, Marks PA, Rifkind RA, Richon VM (September 2001). "Cloning and characterization of a histone deacetylase, HDAC9". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (19): 10572–10577. PMID 11535832.
- Koipally J, Georgopoulos K (June 2002). "Ikaros-CtIP interactions do not require C-terminal binding protein and participate in a deacetylase-independent mode of repression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (26): 23143–23149. PMID 11959865.
- Kirsh O, Seeler JS, Pichler A, Gast A, Müller S, Miska E, et al. (June 2002). "The SUMO E3 ligase RanBP2 promotes modification of the HDAC4 deacetylase". The EMBO Journal. 21 (11): 2682–2691. PMID 12032081.
- Mahlknecht U, Schnittger S, Will J, Cicek N, Hoelzer D (April 2002). "Chromosomal organization and localization of the human histone deacetylase 9 gene (HDAC9)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 293 (1): 182–191. PMID 12054582.
- Zhang CL, McKinsey TA, Olson EN (October 2002). "Association of class II histone deacetylases with heterochromatin protein 1: potential role for histone methylation in control of muscle differentiation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (20): 7302–7312. PMID 12242305.
- Hoogeveen AT, Rossetti S, Stoyanova V, Schonkeren J, Fenaroli A, Schiaffonati L, et al. (September 2002). "The transcriptional corepressor MTG16a contains a novel nucleolar targeting sequence deranged in t (16; 21)-positive myeloid malignancies". Oncogene. 21 (43): 6703–6712. PMID 12242670.
- Petrie K, Guidez F, Howell L, Healy L, Waxman S, Greaves M, Zelent A (May 2003). "The histone deacetylase 9 gene encodes multiple protein isoforms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (18): 16059–16072. PMID 12590135.
External links
- HDAC9+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
