Hadar, Ethiopia
Late Pliocene | |
Site notes | |
---|---|
Excavation dates | 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 2000 |
Archaeologists | Donald Johanson Maurice Taieb Denis Geraads Zeresenay Alemseged |
Condition | Excavated |
Ownership | Ethiopian Government |
Hadar or Hadar Formation (also spelled Qad daqar, Qadaqar;
It is situated on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle (part of East Africa's Great Rift Valley), along the left banks of the Awash River, between two minor tributaries, the eponymous Kada Hadar and the Kada Gona.[2] In 1972, Taieb organized a small exploratory reconnaissance of the Afar region to investigate more paleontological finds there. After six weeks of exploration, the party focused on the Hadar site.[3]
The site has yielded some of the most well-known
It is postulated that the specimens in the region were deposited by way of a large river system with associated crevasse channels/splays, deltas, and distributary channels, as well as periodic transgressions of paleolake Hadar located east of the research area (Aronson and Taieb, 1981, Tiercelin, 1986, Campisano and Feibel, in press) possibly related to geological activity or climatic cycles in at least the Kada Hadar Member (Yemane et al., 1996, Yemane, 1997, Campisano and Feibel, in press)."
According to Jon Kalb, early maps show caravan routes passing within 10 to 15 km of Hadar but not through it. The British explorer L.M. Nesbitt passed 15 km west of Hadar in 1928.[1]
Geology
The region's rocks consist mainly of
The Sidi Hakoma member tends towards high rainfall and low seasonality. The overlying Denan Dora Member was a grassland habitat. Finally, the Kada Hadar Member was an even more open and arid habitat, as seen in the high abundance of antilopines, which frequent these types of terrains.[3]
Paleontology
The first paleo-geological explorations of the Hadar area were conducted by
Discovery of Lucy
The anthropologist Donald Johanson, a member of the 1973 expedition to Hadar, returned the next year and discovered the fossil hominin "Lucy" in the late fall of 1974.[6] He spotted a right proximal ulna in a gully, followed by an occipital bone, a femur, some ribs, a pelvis, and a lower jaw. Within two weeks, nearly 40% of the hominoid skeleton had been identified and cataloged.[7] Lucy is the most famous fossil to have been found at Hadar. Lucy is among the oldest hominin fossils ever discovered[6] and was later given the taxonomic classification Australopithecus afarensis. (The name 'Lucy' was inspired by the song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles, which happened to be playing on the radio at base camp.)
Specimens and inferences
In 1975, Donald Johanson made another discovery at a nearby site in Hadar: 216 specimens from approximately 17 individuals, most likely related and varying in age, called AL 333 (colloquially referred to as the "First Family").
About thirty years later in nearby Dikika, another Australopithecus afarensis fossil skeleton was found in a separate outcrop of the Hadar Formation across the Awash River from Hadar. The skeleton is of a three-year-old girl later named "Selam," which means peace in Amharic Ethiopian languages.
In 1973 and 1974 when the first anatomical discoveries were made, their size and shape pointed towards a variety of taxa, but further research has confirmed that only one hominin taxon is present here. The first find there was a fossil knee joint estimated to date from 3.4 million years ago. Since then, the Hadar research area has yielded 370 specimens of A. afarensis, one specimen of Homo, and 7571 additional vertebrate specimens.
The specimens recovered display a variety of different primitive cranial post features, which indicate A. afarensis is distinct from other species of Australopithecus: small cranial capacity, palate similar to African apes (parallel tooth rows, shallow, long from front to back, narrow from side to side), primitive occipital, basal cranium anatomy, high frequency of unicuspid third premolars, prognathic face, and primitive mandibular anatomy. Postcranially, the pelvis, knee, ankle, and foot indicate habitual, terrestrial bipedalism, but ape-like curved finger and foot bones are retained ancestral ape-like features.[3]
Paleofauna
Other specimens discovered from the Hadar Formation contain a vast diversity of bovid species found in Africa. The bovids found in the formation included the Aepycerotini (Aepyceros),
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Mammals
Artiodactyls
- Bovidae
Bovids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Aepyceros | A. datoadeni | Kada Hadar Member at Hadar | Near-complete skull lacking parts of horn cores (AL 787-1 KH1)[9] | An impala | |
Beatragus | B. sp. | Detached braincase with two horn cores[9] | A hirola | ||
Budorcas | B. churcheri[30] | Sida Hakoma Member.[9] | Complete skull with horns (AL 136-5 DD2)[9] | An extinct takin | |
Damalops | D. sidihakomai[31] | Sidi Hakoma Member | AL 208–7, a skull with horn cores, right P4–M3, and left M2–3. | An extinct genus of Alcelaphinae | |
Damalborea | D. elisabethae
|
Basal and Sidi Hakoma members[9] | A skull with horn cores (AL 208-07 SH3)[9] | An extinct genus of Alcelaphinae | |
D. grayi | Denen Dora and Kada Hadar members[9] | Multiple postcranial fragments, such as horn cores, maxillae, and mandibles[9] | |||
Gazella
|
G. harmonae | Kada Hadar Member at Hadar[9] | Skull remains, such as isolated teeth, maxillae, frontlets, and occipital bones (AL 444-16)[9] | Extinct relatives of modern gazelles | |
G. cf. janenschi
|
Denen Dora Member | Horn cores (AL 302-6 DD)[9] | |||
G. cf. praethomsoni
|
Denen Dora and Kada Hadar members | Few Horn core specimens[9] | |||
Hippotragini
|
Praedamalis deturi
|
Kada Hadar, Sida Hakoma, and Denen Dora members at Hadar | Multiple specimens based on horn cores and lower teeth[9] | Ancestor of modern oryx | |
Kobus | K. hadarensis | Sidi Hakoma, Kada Hadar and Denen Dora member | Extinct relatives of antelopes | ||
K. oricornus | Denen Dora and Kada Hadar members | Several specimens of braincase and horn core[9] | |||
Madoqua
|
M. sp. | ||||
Raphicerus | R. sp. | Kada Hadar and Sidi Hakoma members | Mandibles and horn cores[9] | ||
Parmularius | P. pachyceras | Sidi Hakoma and Kada Hadar members[9] | Braincases and horn cores[9] | Large extinct alcelphines related to topis and hartebeests | |
Pelorovis | P. sp. | ||||
Tragelaphus | T. lockwoodi | Basal and Sidi Hakoma members | Braincase with complete horn cores (AL 142-3 SH2)[9] | Extinct relatives of spiral-horned antelopes | |
T. rastafari | Basal, Sidi Hakoma, Denen Dora, and Kada Hadar members | Several horn core specimens | |||
Ugandax | U. coryndonae | Denen Dora and Sidi Hakoma members at Hadar | Complete partial skull and horns (AL 194-1 DD1)[9] | Ancestor of Cape buffalo
|
- Giraffidae
Giraffids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Giraffa
|
G. jumae | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members |
Partial teeth, vertebrae, ossicones, limb bones, and mandibles[24] | Extinct relatives of modern giraffe | |
G. stillei | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members |
Partial teeth, ossicones, limb bones, and mandibles[24] | |||
Sivatherium | S. maurusium | Denen Dora, Kada Hadar, and Sidi Hakoma members | Partial mandibles and horns[24] | Okapi-like giraffid |
- Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Hexaprotodon | H. protoamphibius | Denen Dora Member | Partial skull and teeth | Extinct relatives of modern pygmy hippo
|
|
H. coryndoni | Sidi Hakoma Member[28] | Partial skull and teeth | |||
Hippopotamus | H. afarensis | Basal, Sidi Hakoma, Kada Hadar, and Denen Dora members[28] | Complete postcranial skull and mandibles | Extinct subspecies related to common hippopotamus, formally named Trilobophorus afarensis |
- Suidae
Suids of the Hadar Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Kolpochoerus | K. afarensis | Kada Hadar, Sidi Hakoma, and Denen Dora members[11] | Postcranial skulls, teeth fragments, and mandibles | Extinct relative of the pig family | |
Notochoerus | N. eulius | Kada Hadar, Lower and Upper Sidi Hakoma, and Denen Dora members[11] | Postcranial skull, teeth, and mandibles | A Tetraconodontinae pig. | |
Nyanzachoerus | N. kanamensis | Basal and Sidi Hakoma members[28] | Complete cranium, mandibles, and dentition | A Tetraconodontinae pig. | |
N. pattersoni | Basal, Lower and Upper Sidi Hakoma, and Denen Dora members[11] | Complete skulls, mandibles, and dentition[11] |
Carnivorans
- Canidae
Canids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Nyctereutes | N. lockwoodi | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members at Dikika[23] | Nearly complete skull (DIK-31-1)[32] | A raccoon dog
|
- Felidae
Felids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Dinofelis | D. aronoki | Kada Hadar Member[12] | Postcranial member: distal radius (AL-363-20)[12] | A machairodontine felid
|
|
D. petteri | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members[12] | Postcranial member: partial humerus (AL 168-30), proximal ulna (AL 262-9), and right astragalus (Al 173-11)[12] | |||
Felis | F. sp. | Kada Hadar, Sidi Hakoma, and Denen Dora members | A small cat relative | ||
Homotherium | H. hadarensis | Denen Dora Member[23] | Complete cranium skull, mandible fragments (DIK-96-1), teeth, and forelimbs[23] | A machairodontine felid | |
Megantereon | M. sp. | Kada Hadar, Sidi Hakoma, and Denen Dora members | A machairodontine felid | ||
Leptailurus
|
L. sp. | A serval cat | |||
Panthera | P. sp. | Sidi Hakoma Member | Relatives of lions
|
- Herpestidae
Herpestids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Herpestes | H. sp. | Dikika site | Tooth fragments | A mongoose |
- Hyaenidae
Hyaenids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Chasmaporthetes | C. sp. | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members at Hadar[13] | A hunting hyena | ||
Crocuta | C. dietrichi | Sidi Dakoma , Denen Dora, and Basal members at Hadar[13] | Fragmented mandibles (DIK-32-1)[23][13] | Extinct relatives of modern hyena | |
C. eturono | Kada Hadar Member | Partial maxilla (DIK-73-1)[23] | |||
Hyaena
|
H. sp. | ||||
Ikelohyaena | I. abronia | Sidi Hakoma Member at Hadar[13] | Early member of the Parahyaena lineage and the earliest close relative of the modern striped hyena | ||
Percrocuta | P. sp. | ||||
Pliocrocuta | P. cf. perierri | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members | An early hyaena relative, synonym named Pachycrocuta cf. perrieri |
- Mustelidae
Mustelids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Enhydriodon | E. dikikae
|
Basal and Sidi Hakoma members at Dikika site[14][23] | Partial skull (DIK-56-9) and humerus (DIK-78-1)[14][23] | A giant river otter | |
Lutra | L. hearsti | Lower part of Sidi Hakoma Member at Dikika | Upper teeth fragments (DIK-50–35)[23] | Extinct relative of otters | |
Mellivora | M. sp. | A honey badger | |||
Poecilogale
|
P. sp. | Sidi Hakoma Member |
- Viverridae
Viverrids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Civettictis | C. sp. | A civet |
Proboscideans
- Deinotheriidae
Deinotheriids of the Hadar Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Deinotherium | D. bozasi | Denen Dora, Kada Hadar, and Sidi Hakoma members | Complete cranium skull and teeth fragments | A large extinct elephant-like proboscidean |
- Elephantidae
Elephantids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Elephas | E. ekorensis | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members at Hadar and Dikika[18] | Mandibles and molar fragments | Extinct lineage related to Asian elephant | |
Loxodonta
|
L. adaurora | Denen Dora and Sidi Hakoma members at Hadar[17] | Mandibles and molar fragments | Extinct subspecies of modern African elephant | |
L. exoptata | Denen Dora Member | Undescribed molars[17] | |||
Mammuthus
|
M. sp. | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora Member. | Undescribed molars[17] | A mammoth relative | |
Palaeoloxodon recki | P. r. brumpti | Sidi Hakoma Member[18] | Mandibles and molar fragments | Extinct relative of African elephant |
Perissodactyls
- Equidae
Equids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Eurygnathohippus | E. afarense | Kada Hadar Member | Partial skull (AL 363-18) and mandibles[15] | A hipparionine horse.
|
|
E. hasumense | Denen Dora Member | Partial skull (AL 340-8) and mandibles[15] |
- Rhinocerotidae
Rhinocerotids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Ceratotherium | C. mauritanicum | Sidi Hakoma Member at Lower Awash of Dikika | Complete cranium skull (AL-129-25)[16] | Ancestor of modern white rhinoceros | |
Diceros | D. praecox | Sidi Hakoma Member at Lower Awash of Dikika | Incomplete cranium skull fragments and jawbones[16] | Direct ancestor of modern black rhinoceros, formally named Ceratotherium praecox |
Primates
- Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Cercopithecoides | C. meaveae | Sidi Hakoma Member | Partial skeleton (A.L. 2-64 and A.L. 222-14)[25] | A colobine monkey
|
|
Rhinocolobus | R. turkanaensis | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members | Preserved mandibles and teeth fragments[25] | Extinct relative of colobus monkey
|
|
Parapapio | P. cf. jonesi | Sidi Hakoma and Kada Hadar members | Complete postcranial skull, partial limbs, teeth fragments, and mandibles[25]
|
A prehistoric baboon | |
Theropithecus oswaldi[33] | T. o. darti | Basal, Denen Dora, Kada Hadar, and Sidi Hakoma members | Postcranial skulls differentiated between male and female[25] | Extinct relatives of gelada baboons
|
|
T. o. ecki | Denen Dora Member | Female cranium skull and mandible | |||
T. o. oswaldi | Sidi Hakoma and Kada Hadar members | Postcranial skulls differentiated between male and female[25] |
- Hominidae
Hominids of the Hadar Formation
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Australopithecus | A. afarensis | Basal, Denen Dora, Kada Hadar, and Sidi Hakoma members | Partial skeletons featuring small cranial capacity, primitive occipitals, basal cranium anatomy, high frequency of unicuspid third premolars, prognathic faces, and primitive mandibular anatomy | An australopithecine hominid | |
Rodents
Rodents of the Hadar Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Acomys
|
A. cf. lavocati | Mandible specimens[21] | Relatives of Spiny mice. | ||
A. cf. lemniscomys | Right mandible and broken tooth root[21] | ||||
Gerbilliscus | G. sp. | Right maxillary fragment with M2-3 and right mandible fragment with M1-3[21] | Relative of gerbil species | ||
Golunda | G. gurai | Murine rodent closely related to the Indian bush rat | |||
Hystrix | H. cf. makapanensis | Sidi Hakoma Member[20] | An Old World porcupine | ||
Mastomys | M. cf. minor | Partial skull and mandibles[21] | Extinct relative of the multimammate mouse
|
||
Millardia | M. coppensi | Extinct relatives of soft-furred rat | |||
M. taiebi | |||||
Mus | M. indet. | Unknown relative of Murini
|
|||
Oenomys | O. tiercelini | Extinct relative of modern rusty-nosed rat
|
|||
Pelomys | P. cf dietrichi | Mandibles | A groove-toothed swamp rat | ||
Praomys | P. sp. | Sidi Hakoma Member | A.L. 894-35993, a right mandible with M1-3[21] | A Muridae species | |
Saidomys | S. afarensis | Sidi Hakoma Member | Extinct relative of a muroid mouse
|
||
Tatera
|
T. sp. | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members | Extinct relative of the Indian gerbil | ||
Thallomys | T. cf. quadrilobatus | Complete skull with both mandibles[21] | Extinct relative of the rat family endemic to Africa | ||
Thryonomys
|
T. swinderianus
|
A cane rat | |||
Xenohystrix | X. cf. crassidens | Sidi Hakoma and Denen Dora members | An old-world porcupine | ||
Xerus
|
X. sp. | Kada Hadar Member | An unstriped ground squirrel |
Birds
Birds of the Hadar Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Anhinga | A. hadarensis[34] | An extinct darter | |||
Balearica | B. sp. | ||||
Plectropterus
|
P. sp. | ||||
Struthio
|
S. sp. |
Reptiles
Reptiles of the Hadar Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Bitis | B. sp. | ||||
Crocodylus | C. sp. | ||||
Python | P. sp. | ||||
Varanus
|
V. sp. |
See also
References
- ^ a b Jon Kalb Adventures in the Bone Trade (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 83
- ^ .
- ^ .
- OCLC 25125386.[page needed]
- ^ Feibel, Craig S. (November 2004). Sedimentary Patterns in the Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar Rift, Ethiopia. 2004 Denver Annual Meeting of The Geological Society of America.
- ^ a b Hogenboom, Melissa. "The 'Lucy' fossil rewrote the story of humanity". Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ "Lucy's Story | Institute of Human Origins". iho.asu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- .
- ^ JSTOR 41407716.
- PMID 18191177.
- ^ a b c d e Cooke, H B S (1978). "Pliocene-Pleistocene Suidae from Hadar, Ethiopia". Kirtlandia. 29: 1–63.
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