Okapi
Okapi | |
---|---|
Male okapi at Beauval Zoo | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Artiodactyla |
Family: | Giraffidae |
Genus: | Okapia Lankester, 1901 |
Species: | O. johnstoni
|
Binomial name | |
Okapia johnstoni (
P.L. Sclater , 1901) | |
Range of the okapi |
The okapi (
The okapi stands about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulder and has a typical body length around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). Its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb). It has a long neck, and large, flexible ears. Its coat is a chocolate to reddish brown, much in contrast with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs, and white ankles. Male okapis have short, distinct horn-like protuberances on their heads called ossicones, less than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. Females possess hair whorls, and ossicones are absent.
Okapis are primarily
Okapis inhabit
Etymology and taxonomy
Although the okapi was unknown to the Western world until the 20th century, it may have been depicted since the early fifth century BCE on the
For years, Europeans in Africa had heard of an animal that they came to call the African unicorn.[5][6] The animal was brought to prominent European attention by speculation on its existence found in press reports covering Henry Morton Stanley's journeys in 1887. In his travelogue of exploring the Congo, Stanley mentioned a kind of donkey that the natives called the atti, which scholars later identified as the okapi.[citation needed]
When the British special commissioner in Uganda, Sir Harry Johnston, discovered some Pygmy inhabitants of the Congo being abducted by a showman for exhibition, he rescued them and promised to return them to their homes. The Pygmies fed Johnston's curiosity about the animal mentioned in Stanley's book. Johnston was puzzled by the okapi tracks the natives showed him; while he had expected to be on the trail of some sort of forest-dwelling horse, the tracks were of a cloven-hoofed beast.[7]
Though Johnston did not see an okapi himself, he did manage to obtain pieces of striped skin and eventually a skull. From this skull, the okapi was correctly classified as a relative of the giraffe; in 1901, the species was formally recognized as Okapia johnstoni.[8]
Okapia johnstoni was first described as Equus johnstoni by English zoologist
In 1901, Sclater presented a painting of the okapi before the Zoological Society of London that depicted its physical features with some clarity. Much confusion arose regarding the taxonomical status of this newly discovered animal. Sir Harry Johnston himself called it a Helladotherium, or a relative of other extinct giraffids.[12] Based on the description of the okapi by Pygmies, who referred to it as a "horse", Sclater named the species Equus johnstoni.[13] Subsequently, zoologist Ray Lankester declared that the okapi represented an unknown genus of the Giraffidae, which he placed in its own genus, Okapia, and assigned the name Okapia johnstoni to the species.[14]
In 1902, Swiss zoologist
Evolution
The earliest members of the Giraffidae first appeared in the early
In 2016, a genetic study found that the common ancestor of giraffe and okapi lived about 11.5 million years ago.[22]
Description
The okapi is a medium-sized giraffid, standing 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulder. Its average body length is about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb).
The okapi shows several adaptations to its tropical habitat. The large number of
The okapi is easily distinguished from its nearest extant relative, the giraffe. It is much smaller than the giraffe and shares more external similarities with
Ecology and behaviour
Okapis are primarily
The male is protective of his territory, but allows females to pass through the domain to forage. Males visit female home ranges at breeding time.
Diet
Okapis are
Reproduction
Female okapis become sexually mature at about one-and-a-half years old, while males reach maturity after two years.
The
As in other ruminants, the infant can stand within 30 minutes of birth. Although generally similar to adults, newborn calves have long hairs around the eye (resembling false eyelashes), a long dorsal mane, and long white hairs in the stripes.[36] These features gradually disappear and give way to the general appearance within a year. The juveniles are kept in hiding, and nursing takes place infrequently. Calves are known not to defecate for the first month or two of life, which is hypothesized to help avoid predator detection in their most vulnerable phase of life.[37] The growth rate of calves is appreciably high in the first few months of life, after which it gradually declines. Juveniles start taking solid food from 3 months, and weaning takes place at 6 months. Ossicone development in males takes 1 year after birth. The okapi's typical lifespan is 20–30 years.[25]
Distribution and habitat
The okapi is
The okapi inhabits
Status
Threats and conservation
The IUCN classifies the okapi as endangered.
The
Okapis in zoos
Around 100 okapis are in accredited
In 1937, the
Other North American zoos that exhibit and breed okapis include:
In Europe, zoos that exhibit and breed okapis include:
In Asia, three Japanese zoos exhibit okapis: Ueno Zoo in Tokyo; Kanazawa Zoo and Zoorasia in Yokohama.[57]
See also
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- .
- ^ The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Photographic Archives Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine; photo detail Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Oriental Institute identifies the subject as an Okapi with a question mark.
- ^ "Ethiopian Delegation, Apadana Staircase, Persepolis by Richard Stone". PBase. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "First pictures of the okapi or the African 'unicorn'". ZME Science. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "A New Deal for the Okapi, Africa's "Unicorn"". NRDC. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "New hope for the elusive okapi, Congo's mini giraffe". Earth Touch News Network. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
- ^ a b Nowak, Ronald M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed. p. 1085.
- ^ Sclater, Philip Lutley (1901). "On an Apparently New Species of Zebra from the Semliki Forest". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1: 50–52 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ "okapi, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ISBN 0292747071
- Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2 (1): 1–5. 1901.(May to December)
- ISBN 9780226437224.
- ^ ISBN 9780801871351.
- ^ Bohlin, B. (1926). "Die Familie Giraffidae: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der fossilen Formen aus China". Palaeontologica Sinica, Series C. 4: 1–179.
- JSTOR 1374281.
- .
- ISBN 978-0521121002.
- ^ Hunt, Kathleen. "Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ Part 2C". TalkOrigins. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- S2CID 6522531.
- ^ "Why Is the Okapi Called a Living Fossil". The Milwaukee Journal. 24 June 1954.[permanent dead link]
- PMID 27187213.
- ISBN 0789477645.
- ^ a b Palkovacs, E. "Okapi Okapia johnstoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ S2CID 253915266. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 September 2015.
- S2CID 216556342.
- ^ a b Grzimek, B. (1990). Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals (Volume 5). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
- JSTOR 1381645.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
- JSTOR 1376381.
- ^ Lusenge, T.; Nixon, S. (2008). "Conservation status of okapi in Virunga National Park". ZSL Conservation Report. Zoological Society of London.
- ^ a b c Hart, J. A.; Hart, T. B. (1989). "Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: food limitation in a rain-forest herbivore". Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 61: 31–50.
- ^ "Okapia johnstoni (Okapi)". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ "Okapi Conservation Strategy and Status Review" (PDF). www.giraffidsg.org. 21 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- PMID 10749434.
- ^ Jirik, Kate. "Okapia johnstoni Fact Sheet". ielc.libguides.com. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ "Rare okapi born in Rotterdam Zoo". Rotterdam Zoo. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ Nixon, S. C.; Lusenge, T. (2008). Conservation status of okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9 (PDF). London: The Zoological Society of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- S2CID 224839859. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Hebert, Amanda (26 November 2013). "Okapi Added to IUCN'S Endangered Species List". Jacksonville, Florida: Okapi Conservation Project. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ Flocken, J. (29 June 2012). "Tragic Losses in the Heart of Darkness". HuffPost. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Jones, P. (3 April 2013). "Infamous elephant poacher turns cannibal in the Congo". Mongabay. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ "Okapi SSP and EEP International Meeting". Okapi Conservation Project. Wildlife Conservation Global. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Of okapis and men: Antwerp Zoo helps preserve endangered species". Flanders Today. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Okapi's Half-Century" (PDF). Zooquaria (85). EAZA: 7. Spring 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Bronx Zoo Debuts Its Baby Okapi". WCSNewsroom. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Baby Okapi Makes Public Debut At Bronx Zoo". newyork.cbslocal.com. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Animals & Plants | Okapi". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Peterson, Karla (23 August 2017). "Endangered okapi born at San Diego Zoo". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Brookfield Zoo Celebrates Its 28th Okapi Birth Since 1959". chicago.cbslocal.com. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Okapi arrives at Roosevelt Park Zoo". Minot Daily News. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ "Okapi".
- ^ "Okapi Conservation Project | The Americas". okapiconservation.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ "Helping to protect endangered species around the world". Bristol Zoo. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Rare Okapi Arrive at Yorkshire Wildlife Park". Yorkshire Wildlife Park. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "Okapi Conservation Project | Europe". okapiconservation.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
- ^ "Okapi Conservation Project | Asia". okapiconservation.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
Further reading
- Bell, Wolfram (Nov. 2009). Okapis: geheimnisvolle Urwaldgiraffen; Entdeckungsgeschichte, Biologie, Haltung und Medizin einer seltenen Tierart. Schüling Verlag Münster, Germany. ISBN 978-3-86523-144-4.
- Sever, Zvi (March 2021). "Searching for the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Semuliki National Park, Uganda". Afr. J. Ecol. Vol. 59, issue 1: 1–7. .
External links
- The okapi management site
- Monograph of the Okapi (1910) by E. Ray Lankesterand William George Ridewood
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .