Haplogroup R-Z18
R-Z18 is a
Description
Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.
Discovery
Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3]
Distribution
R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.[4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.[5][6][7][8]
On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.[9]
Subclades
Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[10] Although they continue to increase as more are found.
See also
- Atlantic Modal Haplotype
- Genealogical DNA test
- Haplogroup R1b
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
| |||
Footnotes
| |||
References
- ^ This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
- ^ 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
- ^ McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history" (PDF).
- ^ "Population genomics of the Viking world" (PDF). 2020.
- ^ "Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town". 2018.
- S2CID 44118336.
- PMID 30206220.
- ^ Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. [1][dead link]
- ^ Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/ Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- L257 A North Sea Tribe Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine