Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup P (mtDNA).
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin46,000 years
BP[1][2]
Possible place of originCentral Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5]
AncestorK2b[6]
DescendantsP-P295 (P1a, formerly P*)
P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3)
P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1)
Defining mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a

Haplogroup K2
(K-M526).

The haplogroup

Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R
(R-M207).

The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among

Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians
.

Origin and dispersal

Proposed migration routes of Haplogroup P among others.[11]
Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][12] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.[13]

According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[14]

Structure

Main article:
Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[9][15]

  • P (P-F5850)
    • P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
      • P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
      • P1b (FT292000)
      • P1c (M45/PF5962)
        • Q
           (M242)
        • R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)

Distribution

P1(xP1c)

Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).

P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in

South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]

P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the

Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][13][16]

Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a

Andaman islander,[20]

P1(xP1c) frequency in surveyed groups in Island South East Asia, South West Pacific and East Asia
Population P* % Notes
Papua New Guinea 0.69  assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4]
New Zealand 0
Fiji 0
Solomon Islands 0
French Polynesia 0
Vanuatu 0
New Caledonia
Guam 0
Samoa 0
Kiribati
Tonga 0
Micronesia FDR 0
Marshall Islands 0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands 0
Wallis and Futuna 0
Tuvalu 0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue 0 small sample size
Tokelau 0 small sample size
Hawaii 0 small sample size from FTDNA
Australia 0
Timor 10.8
Aeta
(Philippines)		 28
Austronesians
(Philippines)		 0
Malaysia 0
Flores 0
Sulawesi 0.6
East Indonesia 0
Java Indonesia 0
Bali Indonesia 0
Sumatra Indonesia 0
Borneo Indonesia 0
West Papua Province 0
Papua Province 0
Sumba Indonesia 3.2

P-M45 (P1c)

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in

Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[21] and 35% among Nivkh
males.

P-M45 (P1c) frequency in surveyed groups of Central Asia and Siberia
Modern population Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation Reference n Percentage Notes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian Turkic [21] 113 35.40 P-M45
Nivkh isolate [22] 17 35 P-M45
Altai-Kizhi
 Turkic [21] 92 28.3 P-M45
Todjin Turkic [21] 36 22.2 P-M45
Chukchi Chukotkan [22] 24 20.8 P-M45
Koryak Chukotkan [22] 27 18.5 P-M45
Yupik
Eskimo-Aleut
 [22] 33 18.2 P-M45
Uighur
 Turkic [23] 70 17.1 P-M45
Kalmyk
 Mongolic [21] 68 11.8 P-M45
Turkmen
 Turkic [24] 30 10 P-M45
Soyot Turkic [21] 34 8.8 P-M45
Uriankhai Mongolic [25] 60 8.3 P-M45
Khakas
 Turkic [21] 53 7.6 P-M45
Kazakh Turkic [24] 54 5.6 P-M45
Uzbek Turkic [24] 366 5.5 P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic
 Austro-Asiatic [26] 353 5.40 P-M45(xM173) §
Munda Austro-Asiatic [26] 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese
Austro-Asiatic
 [26] 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia
Austro-Asiatic
 [26] 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) §
Garo
Tibeto-Burman
 [26] 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) §
India
Tibeto-Burman
 [26] 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia Tibeto-Burman [26] 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India unclear/various [26] 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, Iran Iranian [27] 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan Iranian [27] 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Mazandarani
 Iranian [27] 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Gilaki
 Iranian [27] 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Tehran Iranian [27] 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Isfahan Iranian [27] 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Bakhtiari Iranian [28] 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian Arabs
Arabic
 [28] 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North Iran Iranian [29] 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Iran Iranian [29] 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Georgian [30] 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Armenian [30] 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Hvar Croatian [31] 14
Korčula Croatian [31] 6

§ May include members of haplogroup

R2
.

Modern Southeast Asian populations featuring P1c (M45)[32]
Population group N P (xQ, xR) Q R
[32] Count % Count % Count %
Gope 16 1 6.4
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2
Mahishya 17 3 17.6
Bhumij 15 2 13.3
Saora
 13 3 23.1
Nepali 7 2 28.6
Muslims of Manipur
 9 3 33.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7
Lambadi 18 4 22.2
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2
Katkari
 19 1 5.3
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80

Q

Near universal in the

Altaians, and in 70% of Turkmens
.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the

Russian Federation
.

R1
R1a frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continental Country Population Sample R1a1 [a] R1a1* [b] R1a1a [c] Source
Caucasus Ossetians North 134 NA 0.00 0.75 [33]
Europe Estonia 100 NA 0.00 35.00 [33]
Europe Romania 335 NA 0.00 17.01 [33]
Europe Croatia Krk (island) 74 NA 0.00 36.49 [33]
Europe Croatia Brac (island) 49 NA 0.00 24.49 [33]
Europe Croatia Hvar (island) 91 NA 0.00 6.59 [33]
Europe Croatia Korcula (island) 134 NA 0.00 15.67 [33]
Europe Croatia mainland 108 NA 0.00 26.85 [33]
Europe Bosnia-Herzegovina Herzegovina 141 NA 0.00 12.06 [33]
Europe Kosovo Albanians 114 NA 0.00 3.51 [33]
Europe Serbia 113 NA 0.00 18.58 [33]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 79 NA 0.00 13.92 [33]
Europe Czech Republic 53 NA 0.00 37.74 [33]
Europe Belarus Brest 97 NA 0.00 58.8 [34]
Europe Belarus 267 NA 0.00 54.7 [34]
Europe Belarus 50 NA 0.00 42.00 [33]
Europe Russia Russians 39 NA 0.00 38.46 [33]
Central Asia Tajiks, Turkmens 38 NA 0.00 7.89 [33]
North Asia Russia Tuvas 104 NA 0.00 7.69 [33]
North Asia Russia Altaians 58 NA 0.00 41.38 [33]
South Asia India Jammu Jharkhand 61 NA 0.00 37.70 [33]
South Asia India Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand 19 NA 0.00 26.32 [33]
South Asia India Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh 54 NA 0.00 35.19 [33]
South Asia India Khatri-Punjab/Haryana 15 NA 0.00 67.00 [33]
South Asia India Ahir-Punjab/Haryana 24 NA 0.00 63.00 [33]
South Asia India Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand 171 NA 0.00 49.71 [33]
South Asia India Uttranchal Jharkhand 21 NA 0.00 47.62 [33]
South Asia India West-Bengal Chhattisgarh 49 NA 0.00 48.98 [33]
South Asia India Asur Maharashtra 88 NA 0.00 5.68 [33]
South Asia India Ho Madhya-Pradesh 45 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
South Asia India Mawasi
Orissa
 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [33]
South Asia India Mawasi Chhattisgarh 12 NA 0.00 8.33 [33]
South Asia India Mahali Orissa 32 NA 0.00 9.38 [33]
South Asia India Santhal Meghalaya 20 NA 0.00 10.00 [33]
South Asia India Birhor Meghalaya 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [33]
South Asia India Birhor 35 NA 0.00 2.86 [33]
South Asia India Baiga 23 NA 0.00 8.70 [33]
South Asia India Baiga 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [33]
South Asia India Kharia 37 NA 0.00 5.41 [33]
South Asia India Savara 21 NA 0.00 9.52 [33]
South Asia India Meghwal Rajasthan 50 NA 0.00 30.00 [33]
South Asia India Garo 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [33]
South Asia India Lohana Gujarat 20 NA 0.00 60.00 [33]
South Asia India Khasi 21 NA 0.00 4.76 [33]
South Asia Iran 87 NA 0.00 10.34 [33]
South Asia Pakistan Sindhi 134 NA 0.00 49.00 [33]
South Asia Pakistan Mohanna 70 NA 0.00 71.00 [33]
Europe Turkey 89 NA 0.00 3.37 [33]
Caucasus Armenia 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [33]
Caucasus Megrels 67 NA 0.00 8.96 [33]
Caucasus Abkhazes 162 NA 0.00 9.26 [33]
Caucasus Avars 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [33]
Caucasus Chamalals 27 NA 0.00 7.41 [33]
Caucasus Bagvalals 28 NA 0.00 3.57 [33]
Caucasus Andis 49 NA 0.00 2.04 [33]
Caucasus Lezgis 31 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Caucasus Darginians 68 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Caucasus Tabasarans 43 NA 0.00 2.33 [33]
Caucasus Adyghes 160 NA 0.00 11.25 [33]
Caucasus Karachays 69 NA 0.00 27.54 [33]
Caucasus Kumyks 76 NA 0.00 13.16 [33]
Caucasus Balkars 136 NA 0.00 25.74 [33]
Caucasus Cherkessians 126 NA 0.00 12.70 [33]
Caucasus Kabardians 141 NA 0.71 13.48 [33]
Caucasus Abazas 89 NA 0.00 19.10 [33]
Caucasus Nogays 87 NA 0.00 12.64 [33]
Caucasus Karanogays 77 NA 0.00 9.09 [33]
Caucasus Tats 10 NA 0.00 0.00 [33]
Europe Crete 193 NA 0.00 8.81 [33]
Middle East Oman 121 NA 0.00 9.09 [33]
Middle East Iran 150 NA 0.67 12.67 [33]
Middle East United Arab Emirates 164 NA 0.00 7.32 [33]
Europe Turkey 523 NA 0.00 6.88 [33]
Europe Lithuania
Aukštaičiai
 106 45.3 NA NA [35]
Europe Lithuania
Žemaičiai
 90 44.4 NA NA [35]
Europe Norway North 377 27.1 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Middle 317 31.5 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway West 301 24.3 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway East 493 26.8 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Bergen 93 28 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway Oslo 109 19.3 NA NA [36]
Europe Norway South 76 13.2 NA NA [36]
Europe Spain/Portugal large survey 1140 NA 0.00 1.2 [37]
Europe Greece Greeks 92 NA 0.00 16.3 [38]
Europe Greece Macedonian Greeks 57 NA 1.80 10.5 [38]
Europe Albania 55 NA 0.00 9.1 [38]
Europe Bosnia Serbs 81 NA 0.00 13.6 [38]
Europe Bosnia Bosniacs 84 NA 0.00 15.5 [38]
Europe Bosnia Croats 90 NA 0.00 12.2 [38]
Europe Croatia 89 NA 0.00 27.0 [38]
Europe Hungary 53 NA 0.00 56.6 [38]
Europe Czech Republic 75 NA 0.00 41.3 [38]
Europe Poland 99 NA 0.00 56.6 [38]
Europe Ukraine 92 NA 0.00 50.0 [38]
Europe Georgia 66 NA 0.00 10.6 [38]
Europe Russia Balkarians 38 NA 0.00 13.2 [38]
Europe
Republic of Macedonia
 Albanian language 64 NA 0.00 1.6 [38]
Europe Croatia Osijek 29 NA 0.00 37.9 [38]
Europe Slovenia Slovenians 75 NA 0.00 38.70 [38]
Europe Italy North East 67 NA 0.00 10.4 [38]
- - Ashkenazi Cohen 76 NA 0.00 1.3 [39]
- - Sephardi Cohen 69 NA 0.00 5.8 [39]
Europe - Ashkenazi Levite 60 NA 0.00 51.7 [39]
- - Sephardi Levite 31 NA 0.00 3.2 [39]
Middle East Israel
Ashkenazi
 100 NA 0.00 4.0 [39]
Middle East Israel
Sephardi
 63 NA 0.00 1.6 [39]
Europe Germany 88 NA 0.00 12.5 [39]
Europe Norway 83 NA 0.00 21.7 [39]
Europe Germany Sorbs 112 NA 0.00 63.4 [39]
Europe Belarus 306 NA 0.33 51.0 [39]
Europe Spain Spanish Basques 42 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe British Crown Channel Islands 128 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Chippenham 52 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe England Cornwall 52 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe England Dorchester 73 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe England Faversham 55 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Midhurst 80 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe England Morpeth 95 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Norfolk 121 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Penrith 90 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe England Southwell 70 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe England Uttoxeter 84 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe England York 46 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Denmark/Germany Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein 190 NA NA 8.0 [40]
Europe Ireland Castlerea 43 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe British Crown Isle of Man 62 NA NA 8.0 [40]
Europe Norway 201 NA NA 12.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Orkney 121 NA NA 7.0 [40]
Europe Ireland Rush, Dublin 76 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Durness 51 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Oban 42 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Pitlochry 41 NA NA 0.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Stonehaven 44 NA NA 5.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Western Isles 88 NA NA 3.0 [40]
Europe Scotland Shetland 63 NA NA 6.0 [40]
Europe Wales Haverfordwest 59 NA NA 2.0 [40]
Europe Wales Llangefni 80 NA NA 1.0 [40]
Europe Wales Llanidloes 57 NA NA 4.0 [40]
Europe Turkey 523 NA NA 6.9 [41]
Europe Italy Sicily 236 NA NA 5.5 [42]
Europe Greece 77 NA NA 15.6 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 97 NA NA 25.8 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.2 [43]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (
Pashtun
)		 96 NA NA 44.8 [43]
South Asia Pakistan 638 NA NA 37.1 [43]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample) 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [44]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample) 77 NA 0.00 3.9 [44]
South Asia Nepal Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai 37 NA 0.00 16.2 [44]
South Asia Nepal/India Hindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal 26 NA 0.00 69.2 [44]
South Asia India Hindus New Delhi 49 NA 0.00 34.7 [44]
South Asia India
Andhara Pradesh
tribal		 29 NA 0.00 27.6 [44]
Europe Poland 913 NA NA 57.0 [45]
Europe Germany 1215 NA NA 17.9 [45]
Europe Germany Berlin 103 NA NA 22.3 [45]
Europe Germany Leipzig 144 NA NA 27.1 [45]
Europe Germany Magdeburg 100 NA NA 21 [45]
Europe Germany Rostock 96 NA NA 31.3 [45]
Europe Germany Greifswald 104 NA NA 19.2 [45]
Europe Germany Hamburg 161 NA NA 16.8 [45]
Europe Germany Münster 102 NA NA 7.8 [45]
Europe Germany
Freiburg
 102 NA NA 10.8 [45]
Europe Germany Cologne 96 NA NA 15.6 [45]
Europe Germany Mainz 95 NA NA 8.4 [45]
Europe Germany Munich 95 NA NA 14.3 [45]
Europe Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 NA 0.00 21.1 [46]
Europe Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [46]
Europe Greece Lerna/Franchthi 57 NA 0.00 1.8 [46]
Europe Greece Crete 193 NA 0.50 8.3 [46]
Europe Greece Crete, Heraklion Prefecture 104 NA 0.00 8.7 [47]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Plateau 41 NA 0.00 29.3 [47]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Prefecture 23 NA 0.00 17.4 [47]
Europe Ukraine 94 NA NA 43.6 [48]
Europe Belarus 68 NA NA 45.6 [49]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) 20 NA NA 50.0 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) 11 NA NA 18.2 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Turochak) 19 NA NA 36.8 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) 43 NA NA 58.1 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kulada) 46 NA NA 52.2 [50]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) 7 NA NA 28.6 [50]
Europe England West Lancashire (standard 2-G[d]) 49 NA NA 2.0 [51]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[d]) 100 NA NA 4.0 [51]
Europe England West Lancashire (medieval[e]) 42 NA NA 16.7 [51]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (medieval[e]) 37 NA NA 13.5 [51]
South Asia India South India, Chenchu 41 NA NA 26.8 [52]
South Asia India South India, Koya 41 NA NA 2.4 [52]
South Asia India West Bengal 31 NA NA 38.7 [52]
South Asia India Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay 43 NA NA 41.9 [52]
South Asia India Gujarat 29 NA NA 24.1 [52]
South Asia India Lambadi 35 NA NA 8.6 [52]
South Asia India Punjab 66 NA NA 47.0 [52]
South Asia Sri Lanka Sinhalese 39 NA NA 12.8 [52]
North Asia Russia Tuvan 40 NA NA 7.5 [22]
North Asia Russia Tofalar 19 NA NA 5.3 [22]
North Asia Russia Buryat 13 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Yenisey Evenk 31 NA NA 9.7 [22]
North Asia Russia Okhotsk Evenk 16 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Ulchi/Nanai 53 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Upriver Negidal 10 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Downriver Negidal 7 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Ugedey 20 NA NA 5.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Nivkh 17 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Koryak 27 NA NA 0.0 [22]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Itel\'man 18 NA NA 22.2 [22]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Chukchi 24 NA NA 4.2 [22]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo 33 NA NA 0.0 [22]
Caucasus Russia Abazinians 14 NA NA 14.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Chechenians 19 NA NA 5.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Darginians 26 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ingushians 22 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Kabardinians 59 NA NA 2.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Lezgi (Dagestan) 25 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Ardon) 28 NA NA 4.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Digora) 31 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Russia Rutulians 24 NA NA 0.0 [27]
Caucasus Georgia Abkhazians 12 NA NA 33.0 [27]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 100 NA NA 6.0 [27]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 72 NA NA 7.0 [27]
Caucasus Georgia Georgians 77 NA NA 10.0 [27]
Europe Turkey 39 NA NA 13.0 [27]
Middle East Iran Isfahan 50 NA NA 18.0 [27]
Middle East Iran Tehran 80 NA NA 20.0 [27]
South Asia Pakistan Balti 13 NA NA 15.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Brahui 110 NA NA 8.2 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 94 NA NA 27.7 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Hazara 23 NA NA 60.9 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 9.1 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Kashmiri 12 NA NA 25.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Baluch 25 NA NA 24.0 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Negroid 33 NA NA 18.2 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Parsi 90 NA NA 26.7 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (Pashtun) 93 NA NA 10.8 [53]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Sindhi 122 NA NA 12.3 [53]
Europe Albania Albanian 51 NA NA 9.8 [54]
Europe France French Basque 22 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Spain Spanish Basque 45 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Italy Calabrian 37 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Spain Catalan 24 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Italy Central/Northern 50 NA NA 4.0 [54]
Europe Croatia Croatian 58 NA NA 29.3 [54]
Europe Czech Republic/Slovakia Czech/Slovak 45 NA NA 26.7 [54]
Europe Netherlands Dutch 27 NA NA 3.7 [54]
Europe Georgia Georgian 63 NA NA 7.9 [54]
Europe Germany German 16 NA NA 6.2 [54]
Europe Greece Greek 76 NA NA 11.8 [54]
Europe Hungary Hungarian 45 NA NA 60.0 [54]
Middle East Lebanon Lebanese 31 NA NA 9.7 [54]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonian 20 NA NA 35.0 [54]
Europe Poland Polish 55 NA NA 56.4 [54]
Europe Saami 24 NA NA 8.3 [54]
Europe Italy Sardinian 77 NA NA 0.0 [54]
Europe Syria Syrian 20 NA NA 10.0 [54]
Europe Turkey Turkish 30 NA NA 6.6 [54]
Asia Russia Udmurt 43 NA NA 37.2 [54]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 50 NA NA 54.0 [54]
South Asia Pakistan 85 NA NA 16.5 [55]
South Asia India Rajput (of Rajasthan) 29 NA NA 31.3 [55]
South Asia Pakistan Southern 91 NA NA 31.9 [55]
Southeast Asia Cambodia 6 NA NA 0.0 [55]
East Asia China 128 NA NA 0.0 [55]
East Asia Japan 23 NA NA 0.0 [55]
North Asia Siberia 18 NA NA 0.0 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) 64 NA NA 0.0 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Dravidian) 18 NA NA 2.8 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) 87 NA NA 4.6 [55]
South Asia India Tribe (Indo-European) 21 NA NA 19.1 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Upper Caste 59 NA NA 28.8 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Middle Caste 85 NA NA 11.8 [55]
South Asia India Dravidian Lower Caste 29 NA NA 24.1 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Upper Caste 86 NA NA 45.4 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Middle Caste 48 NA NA 50.4 [55]
South Asia India Indo-European Lower Caste 50 NA NA 26.0 [55]
South Asia India Kashmiri Gujars 49 NA 0.00 40.86 [56]
South Asia India Kashmiri Pandits 51 NA 3.92 19.61 [56]
South Asia India Gujarat Brahmins 64 NA 0.00 32.81 [56]
South Asia India Bihar Paswan 27 NA 0.00 40.74 [56]
South Asia India Bihar Brahmins 38 NA 0.00 60.53 [56]
South Asia India Himachal Pradesh Brahmin 30 NA 0.00 47.37 [56]
South Asia India Indian Punjab Brahmins 49 NA 0.00 35.71 [56]
South Asia India West Bengal Brahmins 30 NA 0.00 72.22 [56]
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Brahmins 31 NA 0.00 67.74 [56]
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Kols 38 NA 0.00 14.81 [56]
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Saharia 57 NA 22.8 28.07 [56]
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Brahmins 42 NA 0.00 38.1 [56]
South Asia India Maharashtra Brahmins 32 NA 0.00 43.33 [56]
Europe Moldova Moldavians, Carahasani[57][58] 72 NA NA 34.7 [58]
Europe Moldava Moldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava 54 NA NA 20.4 [58]
Europe Romania
Carpathian region
 - NA NA 20.4 [58]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district 53 NA NA 41.5 [58]
Europe Moldava Gagauzes,
Kongaz
 48 NA NA 12.5 [58]
Europe Ukraine Gagauzes, Etulia 41 NA NA 26.8 [58]
East Asia China
Dongxiang
(Mongolian descent)		 49 28.0 [59]
East Asia China Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent[59]) 52 NA 17.0 [59]
East Asia China Bo\'an (
Bonan
) Mongolian descent		 47 NA 26.0 [59]
Caucasus Armenia Ararat 44 NA 0.00 0.0 [60]
Caucasus Armenia/Georgia \"Northern Armenians\" 189 NA 0.53 4.2 [60]
Caucasus Armenia Syunik (South Armenia) 140 NA 0.00 9.3 [60]
Caucasus Azerbaijan/Armenia Karabakh 215 NA 0.00 5.6 [60]
Middle East Iran Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) 56 NA 0.00 1.8 [60]
Europe Turkey near Armenia 90 NA 1.11 3.3 [60]
Europe Turkey Istanbul University 173 NA 0.00 10.4 [60]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Baku 29 NA 0.00 10.3 [60]
Middle East Syria Damascus University 44 NA 0.00 2.3 [60]
Caucasus Georgia Tbilisi 68 NA 0.00 4.4 [60]
Europe Greece Athens 132 NA 0.00 6.1 [60]
Europe Mongolia soldiers mainly from Khalkh 402 NA 0.00 2.5 [60]
Europe Hungary 215 NA 1.40 24.2 [61]
Europe Wales North Wales 98 NA NA 1.0 [62]
Europe England English Midlands 136 NA NA 4.4 [62]
Europe England East Anglia 173 NA NA 4.6 [62]
Europe Netherlands Friesland 94 NA NA 7.4 [62]
Europe Norway 83 NA NA 21.7 [62]
Europe United Kingdom British 25 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Europe Scotland Orkney 26 NA NA 27.0 [24]
Europe Russia
Pomor
 28 NA NA 36.0 [24]
Europe Russia Russian, North 49 NA NA 43.0 [24]
Asia Russia Russian, Tashkent 89 NA NA 47.0 [24]
Europe Russia
Kazan Tatar
 38 NA NA 24.0 [24]
Europe Russia
Saami
 23 NA NA 22.0 [24]
Asia Russia
Nenets
 54 NA NA 11.0 [24]
Middle East Lebanon 50 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Middle East Iran Tehran 24 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Middle East Iran Shiraz 12 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Middle East Iran
Esfahan
 16 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia Svans (Svanetians) 25 NA NA 8.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia
Kazbegi
 25 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia South Ossetians 17 NA NA 6.0 [24]
Caucasus Azerbaijan
Lezgi
in Azerbaijan		 12 NA NA 8.0 [24]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 21 NA NA 10.0 [24]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 47 NA NA 9.0 [24]
Central Asia Afghanistan
Pashtuns
 49 NA NA 51.02 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan
Tajiks
 56 NA NA 30.36 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan
Hazara
 60 NA NA 6.66 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan
Uzbeks
 17 NA NA 17.64 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan Balochs 13 NA NA 0.0 [63]
Central Asia Afghanistan
Nuristanis
 5 NA NA 60.0 [63]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmen 30 NA NA 7.0 [24]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
Kurd
 17 NA NA 12.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15 NA NA 0.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Iranian (Samarkand) 53 NA NA 11.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Tajik (Samarkand) 40 NA NA 25.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Arab Bukhara 42 NA NA 19.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22 NA NA 32.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpak 44 NA NA 18.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Kashkadarya 19 NA NA 16.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Bukhara 58 NA NA 28.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Surkhandarya 68 NA NA 29.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Khorezm 70 NA NA 30.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Tashkent 43 NA NA 28.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Fergana Valley 63 NA NA 22.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Samarkand 45 NA NA 13.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan) 25 NA NA 68.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan
Bartangi
 30 NA NA 40.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan
Shugnan
 44 NA NA 23.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan
Yagnobi
 31 NA NA 16.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/
Panjikent
 22 NA NA 64.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 NA NA 19.0 [24]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 52 NA NA 63.0 [24]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan
Sino-Tibetan
)		 40 NA NA 10.0 [24]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Kazakhs 54 NA NA 4.0 [24]
Central Asia Kazakhstan
Uighur
 41 NA NA 22.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Sourashtran 46 NA NA 39.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Kallar Dravidian 84 NA NA 4.0 [24]
South Asia India South India Yadhava 129 NA NA 13.0 [24]
North Asia Russia Tuvinian 42 NA NA 14.0 [24]
North Asia Mongolia 24 NA NA 4.0 [24]
East Asia Korea 45 NA NA 0.0 [24]
East Asia China
Liqian from Yongchang
 87 NA NA 1.1 [64]
East Asia China
Yugur from Sunan in Gansu
 52 NA NA 1.9 [64]
East Asia China Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai 39 NA NA 2.6 [64]
East Asia China
Urumqi
 49 NA NA NA [64]
Europe Italy Sardinia 10 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe England Cornwall 51 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Spain Basque 26 0.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Portugal Northern 328 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa Algeria 27 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa 129 0.0 NA NA [65]
North Africa Tunisia 'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba) 46 NA 4.3 4.3 [66]
Europe Finland 57 10.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Bulgaria 24 12.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Netherlands 84 13.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Germany Bavarian 80 15.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Sweden Gotlander 64 16.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Yugoslavian 100 16.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Russia Chuvash 17 18.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Sweden Northern 48 19.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Romania 45 20.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Iceland 28 21.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Saami 48 21.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Hungary 36 22.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Estonia 207 27.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Russia Mari 48 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) NA NA [65]
Europe Ukraine Ukraine 27 30.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Germany 30 30.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Norway 52 31.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Lithuania 38 34.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Slovenia 70 37.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Czech Republic 53 38.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Belarus 41 39.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Latvia 34 41.0 NA NA [65]
Asia Russia 122 47.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Slovakia 70 47.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Poland 112 54.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Ireland 57 1.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Ossetia 47 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Cyprus 45 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Italy 99 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Spain 126 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Portugal Southern 57 2.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Belgium 92 4.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Turkey 167 5.0 NA NA [65]
Europe France 40 5.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Georgia 64 6.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Armenia 89 6.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Denmark 56 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Scotland Western 120 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Scotland 43 7.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Greece 36 8.0 NA NA [65]
Europe England East Anglia 172 9.0 NA NA [65]
Europe Iceland 181 23.8 NA NA [67]
Europe Norway 112 17.9 NA NA [67]
Europe Sweden 110 17.3 NA NA [67]
Europe Denmark 12 16.7 NA NA [67]
Europe Ireland 222 0.5 NA NA [67]
Europe Scotland 61 6.6 NA NA [67]
Europe Britain 32 9.4 NA NA [67]
Europe Germany 32 9.4 NA NA [67]
Europe Greece 42 4.8 NA NA [67]
Europe Italy 332 2.7 NA NA [67]
Asia Russia 30 43.3 NA NA [67]
Europe Estonia 74 36.5 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia
Permyaks
 42 23.8 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia Russian (Perm) 37 43.2 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Erzya 46 39.1 NA NA [68]
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Moksi 46 21.7 NA NA [68]
Europe Estonia Estonia Russian 26 26.9 NA NA [68]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 6 50.0 NA NA [68]
Europe Bulgaria Bulgarian 808 17.5 NA NA [69]
Europe Turkey Northeast Turkish 11 18.2 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Central Anatolian 18 11.1 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Southwest Turkish 29 10.3 NA NA [68]
Europe Turkey Southeast Turkish 13 15.4 NA NA [68]
Europe Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 22 13.6 NA NA [68]
Middle East Talysh 20 10.0 NA NA [68]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azeri 24 12.5 NA NA [68]
Europe Croatia Mainland 108 34.3 NA NA [70]
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Bosnians 69 24.6 NA NA [70]
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Herzogivinians 141 12.1 NA NA [70]
Europe Serbia Serbians 113 15.9 NA NA [70]
Europe Kosova Albanians 114 4.4 NA NA [70]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonians 79 15.2 NA NA [70]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Romani 57 1.8 NA NA [70]
Europe Croatia Mainland 109 33.9 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Krk 74 28.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Brač 49 13.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Hvar 91 8.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Croatia Korčula 134 27.0 NA NA [31]
Europe Russia North 380 34.20 NA NA [71]
Europe Russia Central 364 46.50 NA NA [71]
Europe Russia South 484 55.40 NA NA [71]
Europe Portugal 553 1.27 NA NA [72]
Europe Sweden Swedes 141 18.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Estonia Estonians 209 33.5 NA NA [73]
Europe Latvia Latvians 86 38.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Mari 111 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) NA NA [73]
Europe Russia
Mordvin
 83 26.5 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Komi 94 33 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia
Udmurt
 87 10.3 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Chuvash 79 31.6 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Volga Tatars 126 34.1 NA NA [73]
Europe France French 61 0 NA NA [73]
Europe Hungary Hungarians 113 20.4 NA NA [73]
Europe Russia Russians 61 42.6 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia
Khant
 47 4.3 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Nganasan 38 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia
Nenets
 148 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Selkup 131 19.1 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Ket 48 0 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia
Dolgan
 67 16.4 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Yakut 155 1.9 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Buryat 81 1.2 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Evenk 96 1 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Evens 31 6.5 NA NA [73]
North Asia Russia Altaians 98 46.9 NA NA [73]
Europe Norway Norwegians 72 23.6 NA NA [73]
Europe Denmark Danes 194 16.5 NA NA [74]
Europe Turkey Kurds
Zazaki
speakers		 27 NA NA 25.9 [75]
Europe Turkey Kurds Kurmanji speakers 87 NA NA 12.7 [75]
Middle East Iraq Kurds 95 NA NA 11.6 [76]
Caucasus Georgia Kurds 25 NA NA 0.0 [75]
Middle East Jordan Amman 101 NA NA 2.0 [77]
Middle East Jordan Dead Sea 45 NA NA 0.0 [77]
Middle East Iraq Baghdad, different ethnic groups 139 NA NA [78]
Europe Russia Arkhangelsk 28 NA 0.00 17.9 [79]
North Asia Russia
Khanty
 27 NA 0.00 14.8 [79]
Europe Russia (Komi Republic) Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District 54 NA 0.00 29.6 [79]
Europe Russia (Komi Republic) Komi from Priluzsky District 49 NA 0.00 32.7 [79]
Europe Russia Kursk region Russian 40 NA 0.00 52.5 [79]
Europe Russia Tver region Russian 38 NA 0.00 57.9 [79]
R1b frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continent Population #No. Total% R-P25* R-V88 R-M269 R-M73
Africa Northern Africa 691 5.9% 0.0% 5.2% 0.7% 0.0%
Africa Central Sahel Region 461 23.0% 0.0% 23.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Western Africa 123 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Eastern Africa 442 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Southern Africa 105 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Europe Western Europeans 465 57.8% 0.0% 0.0% 57.8% 0.0%
Europe North western Europeans 43 55.8% 0.0% 0.0% 55.8% 0.0%
Europe Central Europeans 77 42.9% 0.0% 0.0% 42.9% 0.0%
Europe North Eastern Europeans 74 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0%
Europe Russians 60 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% 6.7% 0.0%
Europe Eastern Europeans 149 20.8% 0.0% 0.0% 20.8% 0.0%
Europe South eastern Europeans 510 13.1% 0.0% 0.2% 12.9% 0.0%
Asia Western Asians 328 5.8% 0.0% 0.3% 5.5% 0.0%
Asia Southern Asians 288 4.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 3.1%
Asia South eastern Asians 10 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia North eastern Asians 30 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia Eastern Asians 156 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0%
TOTAL 5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Frequency of R2a (R-M124) in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations[55]
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75% 10.94% 5.00% -
Lower Caste - - 13.79% 10.00%
Middle Caste - - 3.53% 18.75%
Upper Caste - - 10.17% 16.28%
Frequency of Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) in the
Arab World
from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[80] 8 217 3.69%
Qatar[81] 1 72 1.39%
Kuwait[82] 1 153 0.65%
Yemen[81] 1 104 0.96%
Jordan[77] 2 146 1.37%
Lebanon[83] 2 935 0.21%
Palestine[84] 1 49 2.04%
Egypt[85] 1 147 0.68%
R2b frequency Central-South Asia
R2b% Population
10.3% Burusho
6.8% Kalash
1.0%
Pashtuns
3.4% Gujarat
0.63% Pakistan

P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).[9]

Notes

  1. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
  2. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
  3. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
  4. ^ a b The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
  5. ^ a b For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:

    "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"

    — Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)

References

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  24. ^
    PMID 11526236
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  25. PMID 15716011
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  26. ^
    PMID 17989774
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  27. ^
    S2CID 27204150
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  28. ^
    S2CID 5873833
    .
  29. ^
    S2CID 7017701
    .
  30. ^
    PMID 11375109
    .
  31. ^
    S2CID 15822710
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  32. ^
    PMID 16415161
    .
  33. ^
    PMID 19888303
    .
  34. ^
    PMID 24667786
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  35. ^
    S2CID 26562505
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  36. ^
    PMID 16337760
    .
  37. PMID 19061982
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  38. ^
    PMID 19107149
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  39. ^
    PMID 13680527
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  40. ^
    S2CID 526263
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  41. S2CID 10763736
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  42. PMID 18685561
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  43. ^
    PMID 17047675
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  44. ^
    PMID 19573232
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  45. ^
    S2CID 11066186
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  46. ^
    S2CID 22406638
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  47. ^
    S2CID 9847088
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  48. S2CID 25907265
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  49. S2CID 1357824
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  50. ^
    S2CID 566825
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    PMID 18032405
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    PMID 12536373
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  53. ^
    PMID 11898125
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  59. ^
    S2CID 11138499
    .
  60. ^
    S2CID 23113666
    .
  61. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.007
    .
  62. ^
    PMID 12082121
    .
  63. ^
    PMID 22470552
    .
  64. ^
    S2CID 37658783
    .
  65. ^
    PMID 11078479
    .
  66. S2CID 32139526
    .
  67. ^
    PMID 10931763
    .
  68. ^
    S2CID 18482536
    .
  69. PMID 23483890
    .
  70. ^
    PMID 15944443
    .
  71. ^
    PMID 18179905
    .
  72. S2CID 3229760
    .
  73. ^
    PMID 15024688
    .
  74. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2
    .
  75. ^
    S2CID 23771698
    .
  76. S2CID 25668279
    .
  77. ^
    S2CID 6490283
    .
  78. PMID 12927131
    .
  79. ^
    PMID 19259129
    .
  80. S2CID 2751928
    .
  81. ^
    S2CID 32386262
    .
  82. PMID 19639002
    .
  83. PMID 18374297
    .
  84. PMID 20736979
    .
  85. PMID 14973781
    .

External links

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