Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup P1 (also known as P-M45; K2b2a) | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | ~38,000 BCE |
Possible place of origin | Q (Q-M242) and (R-M207).R |
Defining mutations | M45/PF5962 |
Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P (P-P295; K2b2).
The only primary subclades of P1 are
P1 (M45) likely originated in
Structure
The subclades of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:[6]
- P1 (M45/PF5962)
Ancient and modern distribution
P1*
The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia:
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies.[8] In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals).
A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of Korčula in Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of Hvar, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the Avars.[9]
It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1* per se.
Population group | Language family | Citation | Sample size | Percentage | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuvinian | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
Nivkh | Nivkh |
Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
Todjin | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
Chukchi | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
Koryak | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
Yupik | Eskimo–Aleut languages |
Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
Uighur |
Turkic | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
Kalmyk |
Mongolic | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
Turkmen |
Turkic | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
Soyot | Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
Uriankhai | Mongolic | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
Khakas |
Turkic | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
Kazakh | Turkic | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
Uzbek | Turkic | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
Khasi-Khmuic |
Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
Munda | Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
Nicobarese | Mon-Khmer |
Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
South-East Asia | Austroasiatic | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
Garo | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
North-east India | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
Eastern India |
various/unknown | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173)§ |
Southern Talysh (Iran) | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Northern Talysh (Azerbaijan) | Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Mazandarani |
Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Gilaki |
Iranian | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Tehran | Iranian | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Isfahan | Iranian | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Bakhtiari | Iranian | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Iranian Arabs | Arabic | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
North Iran | Iranian | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
South Iran | Iranian | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
South Caucacus | Georgian | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
South Caucacus | Armenian | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
Sherpas from Nepal | Tibeto-Burman | Bhandari et al. 2015 | 582 | 1.67 | P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)† |
Sherpas from Tibet | Tibeto-Burman | Bhandari et al. 2015 | 582 | 0.64 | P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)† |
Hvar (Dalmatian Islands) | Croatian | Barać et al. 2003 | 14 | Possible link to medieval Avar settlers.[9]
| |
Korčula (Dalmatian Islands) | Croatian | Barać et al. 2003 | 6 | Possible link to medieval Avar settlers.[9]
|
§ May include members of haplogroup
† May include members of haplogroup
Population group | N | P (xQ,xR) | Q | R | Paper | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||
Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Saora
|
13 | 3 | 23.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Muslims of Manipur
|
9 | 3 | 33.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Katkari
|
19 | 1 | 5.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 | Sahoo 2006 |
Q
Near universal in the
Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the
R
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the
Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia.
References
- ^ a b c Tumonggor, Karafet et al., 2014, "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor", Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 59, No. 9 (September), pp. 494–503.
- ^ a b c E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201.
- ^ PMID 24896152.
- bioRxiv 10.1101/000802.
- ^ a b Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions Zgms.cm.umk.pl
- ^ ISOGG (2016). "Y-DNA Haplogroup P". Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- hdl:1887/3198847.
- PMID 16415161.
- ^ a b c Paolo Francalacci & Daria Sanna, "History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective", Journal of Anthropological Sciences, vol. 86 (2008), pp. 59-89. [Access: Aug 24, 2017].)
Sources
- Barać; et al. (2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF). S2CID 15822710.
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup P, from National Geographic