History of Liao

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History of Liao
Hanyu Pinyin
Liáo Shǐ
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLiâu-sú

The History of Liao, or Liao Shi (Liáo Shǐ), is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), under the direction of the historian Toqto'a (Tuotuo), and finalized in 1344.[1] Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records, it details the Khitan people, Khitan's tribal life and traditions, as well as the official histories of the Liao dynasty and its successor, the Western Liao dynasty.[1]

Main sources

Khitan man playing a string instrument

History of Liao of 1344 was compiled using older sources, mainly:

  • the Shilu 實錄 (Veritable Records), completed in the Liao dynasty (916–1125) under the direction of Yelü Yan (耶律儼), no longer extant;
  • a draft Liao Shi, compiled in the Jurchen-led
    Jin dynasty
    under the direction of an official named Chen Daren (陳大任), never published and no longer extant;
  • and several other sources such as the
    Sui Shu
    , ...).

The Liao Shi contains 116 volumes,[1] including 30 volumes of Imperial Annals, 32 volumes of Records of Institutions, 8 volumes of Tables, 48 volumes of Biographies and Descriptions, and 1 volume of Glossary of National Language 國語解 Guoyijie (the Khitan language),[2][3][4] which is a list of Khitan language words transcribed in Chinese characters. It is found in Chapter 116 (遼史/卷116).

Creation and reliability

Many Chinese scholars of the time argued that the non-

Jin and Song dynasties, was not officially compiled until 1343–1344, when the pro-Chinese Chief Councillor Toqto'a took up the pre-Yuan histories project again. In its final form, this project conceded to the Yuan court's desire to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song as equally legitimate dynasties. The compilation of the Liao Shi was finished in one year[1] by imperial historians, although without undergoing any but the most minimal of proofreadings.[1] Because of this, the Liao Shi and the other two pre-Yuan histories are known for their technical errors, lack of precision, inconsistencies in transcribing non-Chinese terms and names, and over-lapping subject matter. Qing scholars Qian Daxin and Zhao Yi noted inconsistencies in the History of Liao in their works Study of the Discrepancies in the Twenty-two Standard Histories (廿二史劄記) and Critical Notes on the Twenty-two Histories (二十二史劄記).[6]
Nonetheless, the Liao Shi provides a large amount of knowledge on Khitan's imperium's tribal politics and traditions. Since Yelü Yan's Shilu and Chen Daren's Liao Shi have been lost,[1] Toqto'a's Liao Shi is the only extant Chinese-style historical record of the Liao dynasty.

Editions

The work of collation and punctuation have been done several times,

Jin Shi, Qidan Guo Zhi and Liao Wenhui.[7][8]

The History of Liao was translated into Manchu as ᡩᠠᡳᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍‍ᡳ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (Wylie: Dailiyoo gurun i suduri, Möllendorff: Dailiyoo gurun i suduri).

The

Solon language to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解 Qinding Liao Jin Yuan sanshi guoyujie) project.[9]

Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse.[10] Marshall Broomhall wrote that So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless.[11] Emil Bretschneider demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect.[12]

Content

The annals are covered in Volumes 1-30 beginning with founder Abaoji (Taizu) in volumes 1–2. Volume 30 covers Yelü Dashi, who fled and founded of the state of Qara Khitai also known as the Western Liao at the dissolution of the Liao dynasty. Biran describes volume 30 of the text as one of the most important sources for the history of the Qara Khitai.[13]

Treatises are covered in volumes 31–62. The administrative divisions of the Liao are described in volumes 37 through 41 under the title Geography (地理), organized by the five primary level circuits (道). Official posts (百官) are described in volumes 45–48. Standen gives English translations for some of the official posts in a glossary.[14]

Volumes 63–70 are tables including the lineage of the ruling Yelü clan as well as other clans in volume 63, tribes (部族) in volume 69, and vassal states (屬國) in volume 70.

Notable figures included in the Biographies section include Han Yanhui, Liao chancellor of Han origin in volume 74; Zhao Yanshou general from the Later Tang who also served the Liao in volume 76; and Wang Jizhong 王繼忠, who helped broker the Chanyuan Treaty of 1004–1005 in volume 81.[15]

Legacy

The debate about the legacy of the Liao as a legitimate dynasty continued after the completion of the text. Around the time of publication Yang Weizhen stated that only the Song was a legitimate dynasty and the Liao and Jin were usurpers. [16] He continued to argue this point and composed an essay titled 'On legitimate Succession' 正統辯. Ming scholar Wang Zhu 王洙 wrote an alternative history of the Song titled Verified History of the Song 宋史質 in which the Liao and Jin states were relegated to treatises on foreign states. However, Wang Chu's text received criticism itself from Qing scholars who viewed it as an intentional distortion of history. [17] In addition, the text Great Outline of Historical Records by Ming scholar Shao Jingbang 邵經邦 (1491–1561) gave the Liao and Jin the status of alien usurpers.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Xu Elina-Qian, p.22
  2. ISSN 0073-084X
    . Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  3. ISSN 0035-869X
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-19-156167-2
    .
  5. ^ Hok-lam Chan, p.73
  6. ^ Chan (2014), p. 91.
  7. ^ a b Xu Elina-Qian, pp.22–23
  8. ^ 遼史, 脱脱, 中华书局, 1974.
  9. JSTOR 2719468
    .
  10. ^ Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  11. ^ Marshall Broomhall (1910). Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. 93–94.
  12. ISBN 978-1-136-38021-1
    .
  13. ^ Biran (2005), p. 4.
  14. ^ Standen (2007), pp. 241–247.
  15. ^ Standen (2007), pp. 158–166.
  16. ^ Chan (2014), p. 89.
  17. ^ Chan (2014), pp. 98–100.

Sources

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  • Biran, Michal (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chan, Hok-lam (2014). "Chinese Official History at the Yuan Court: The Compilation of the Liao, Chin, and Sung Histories". China Under Mongol Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Marsone, Pierre. La Steppe et l’Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao), Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2011.
  • Hok-lam Chan. China & the Mongols: History and Legend under the Yuan and Ming. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 1999.
  • Liao Shi (LS) 遼史 (History of Liao). Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. eds. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局, 1974.
  • Standen, Naomi (2007). Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 2.1 Introduction to the Sources on the Pre-dynastic Khitan (pp.19–23) > The Liao shi, pp. 22–23.
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