Horse sacrifice

Zoological Museum, Copenhagen

Horse sacrifice is the ritual killing and offering of a

which?

] even today.

Many

Proto-Indo-European ritual and common root, though the practice is also observed among non-Indo-European speaking peoples, especially in nomadic societies from the Eurasian steppe

Context

Horses are often

Celtic

traditions allow the reconstruction of a few common attributes.

Some scholars, including

Edgar Polomé, regard the reconstruction of a purported common Proto-Indo-European ritual as unjustified due to the difference between the attested traditions.^[2]

Mythology

This section includes a

White horse (mythology)

The reconstructed myth involves the coupling of a king with a

Serbian evidence, or mythical horses with human traits (Xanthos), suggesting totemic

identity of the hero or king with the horse.

Ashvamedha was a political ritual that was focused on the king's right to rule. The horse had to be a stallion and it would be permitted to wander for a year, accompanied by people of the king. If the horse roamed off into lands of an enemy then that territory would be taken by the king, and if the horse's attendants were killed in a fight by a challenger then the king would lose the right to rule. But if the horse stayed alive for a year then it was taken back to the king's court where it was bathed, consecrated with butter, decorated with golden ornaments and then sacrificed. After the completion of this ritual, the king would be considered as the undisputed ruler of the land which was covered by the horse.^[3]

the sacrifice is connected with the elevation or inauguration of a member of the Kshatriya warrior caste.
the ceremony took place in spring or early summer.
the horse sacrificed was a stallion which won a race at the right side of the chariot.^[4]
the horse sacrificed was white-colored with dark circular spots, or with a dark front part, or with a tuft of dark blue hair.^[5]
it was bathed in water, in which mustard and sesame are mixed.
it was suffocated alongside a hornless ram and a he-goat, among other animals.
the stallion was dissected along the "knife-paths" — with three knives made from gold, copper, and iron — and its portions awarded to various deities, symbolically invoking sky, atmosphere and earth, while other priests started reciting the verses of Vedas, seeking healing and rejuvenation for the horse.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Roman

The Roman

Equus October ceremony involved:^[10]

the horse was dedicated to Mars, the Roman god of war
the sacrifice took place on the
Ides of October, but through ritual reuse was used in a spring festival (the Parilia
)

two-horse chariot races determined the victim, which was the right-hand horse of the winning team

the horse is dismembered: the tail (cauda, possibly a euphemism for the penis) is taken to the Regia, the king's residence, while two factions battle for possession of the head as a talisman for the coming year

Irish

Following the 12th-century Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, Norman writer Gerald of Wales wrote in his Topographia Hibernica that the Irish kings of Tyrconnell were inaugurated with a horse sacrifice. He writes that a white mare was sacrificed and cooked into a broth, which the king bathed in and drank from:^[11]

There is in a northern and remote part of
tribe which is wont to install a king over itself by an excessively savage and abominable ritual. In the presence of all the people of this land in one place, a white mare is brought into their midst. Thereupon he who is to be elevated, not to a prince but to a beast, not to a king but to an outlaw, steps forward in beastly fashion and exhibits his bestiality. Right thereafter the mare is killed and boiled piecemeal in water, and in the same water a bath is prepared for him. He gets into the bath and eats of the flesh that is brought to him, with his people standing around and sharing it with him. He also imbibes the broth in which he is bathed, not from any vessel, nor with his hand, but only with his mouth. When this is done right according to such unrighteous ritual, his rule and sovereignty are consecrated.^[12]

This has been seen as propaganda meant to paint the Irish as a barbaric people and thus justify Anglo-Norman conquest.[13] However, there may be some truth in the account, because there are mentions of similar horse sacrifices associated with kingship in India (the ashvamedha) and Scandinavia.^[11]