Hugh Aloysius Drum
Hugh Aloysius Drum | |
---|---|
Army Distinguished Service Medal (2) Silver Star | |
Alma mater | Boston College (Bachelor of Arts, 1921) |
Spouse(s) | Mary Reaume (m. 1903–1951, his death) |
Other work | President, Empire State Inc. |
Hugh Aloysius Drum (September 19, 1879 – October 3, 1951) was a career
Drum was attending
During World War I, Drum served as chief of staff for First United States Army, and led the planning for First Army's participation in the
Drum received promotion to lieutenant general in August 1939, and commanded the Eastern Defense Command during the early years of World War II. He reached the mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1943, after which he was commander of the New York Guard (1943–1948), and president of Empire State, Inc., the company that managed the Empire State Building (1944–1951).
Drum died in New York City on October 3, 1951. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Early life
Born at Fort Brady, Chippewa County, Michigan, on September 19, 1879, Hugh A. Drum was the son of Margaret (Desmond) Drum (1846-1927) of Boston and Captain John Drum (1840–1898), a career army officer who was killed in Cuba while serving with the 10th Infantry Regiment during the Spanish–American War.[1]
In 1894, Drum graduated from Xavier High School in New York City, which he had attended while his father was an instructor at the school.[2] Initially intent upon a career as a Jesuit priest, he enrolled at Boston College.[3] Under the provisions of a recently passed law allowing recognition for sons of officers who displayed exceptional bravery during the Spanish–American War, Drum was offered a direct commission as a second lieutenant on September 9, 1898, which he accepted.[4] (He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Boston College in 1921.)[1][5][6][7][8][9]
Start of military career
Joining the
Drum later served as aide-de-camp to Frank Baldwin before returning to a series of assignments in the United States.[10] He completed the School of the Line (precursor to the Officer Basic and Advanced Courses) in 1911 as an honor graduate.[10] He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1912,[10] and later served there as an instructor.[1][12]
In 1914 he was an assistant chief of staff for the force commanded by Frederick Funston during the Veracruz Expedition.[13] Drum served at Fort Bliss and Fort Sam Houston in Texas during 1915 and 1916 as part of the Pancho Villa Expedition.[14] It was serving at these locations that brought Drum into contact with Major General John J. Pershing, who thought highly of him, and "saw that he had talent as a staff officer".[15]
World War I
At the start of America's involvement in
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Hugh Aloysius Drum, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Upon General Drum, as Chief of Staff of the 1st Army, devolved the important duty of organizing the headquarters of this command and of coordinating the detailed staff work in its operations in the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives. His tact, zeal, and high professional attainments had a marked influence on the success that attended the operations of the 1st Army.[21]
Between the World Wars
After the war, Drum served as the director of training and assistant commandant for the School of the Line at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and commandant of the Command and General Staff College, where he taught the doctrine of open warfare—stressing maneuver and marksmanship over frontal attacks and firepower, using experienced troops, and supported by large artillery barrages—that the American Expeditionary Forces had attempted to practice in France.[22][23]
From there he went to the Army staff at the
From 1926 to 1927, Drum commanded
In 1931 Drum was assigned as commander of the
In 1935, Drum was a candidate for chief of staff, but
In 1938, Drum succeeded
World War II
With the onset of preparations for World War II, Drum assumed command of the Eastern Defense Command, responsible for domestic defense along the Atlantic seaboard.[10] During the 1941 Carolina Maneuvers, Drum commanded First Army.[37] He was embarrassed and became the subject of mockery when he was captured on the first day by troops of the 2nd Armored Division under Patton's command.[38] After soldiers from Isaac D. White's battalion detained Drum,[39] the exercise umpires ruled that the circumstances would not have transpired in combat, so he was allowed to return to his headquarters, enabling the exercise to continue and Drum to save face.[40] Despite the umpires' actions, the incident indicated to senior leaders that Drum might not be prepared to command large bodies of troops under the modern battlefield conditions the Army would face in World War II, so he was not considered for field command.[40][a]
Retirement
After the Carolina Maneuvers, Drum was disappointed with an offer from Secretary of War
As Commander of the First Army and Eastern Defense Command, Lieutenant General Hugh A. Drum has, by his leadership, judgment and high professional attainments, rendered exceptionally meritorious service during the period of the declared national emergency and the present war. He amalgamated the military and civilian elements in his theater into a smoothly operating organization, providing adequate defense for this critical area, with a minimum expenditure of military means. He directed large-scale maneuvers conspicuous for their reality and well-conceived execution, and participated as a commander in such maneuvers to the advantage of the troops concerned, whose training was reflected in their subsequent successes in battle. General Drum’s service in the exercise of his high command has made a material contribution to the development of the Army of the United States and the measures for the security of the eastern frontier of this continent.
GENERAL ORDERS: War Department, General Orders No. 69 (1943)[47]
Post military career
Drum was the commander of the New York Guard from 1943 to 1948.[48][49] During the war, the New York Guard took on many responsibilities normally performed by the National Guard, in addition to internal security measures such as protecting key facilities from saboteurs and developing plans to respond if such an event occurred.[50] When Drum retired from command in September 1948, Governor Thomas E. Dewey promoted him to general (four stars) on the New York Guard's retired list.[51] From 1944 until his death, he was the president of Empire State, Inc., the company that managed the Empire State Building.[52]
Drum died in
Family
In 1903, Drum married Mary Reaume (1877–1960).[56] They were the parents of a daughter, Anna Carroll Drum (1916–1996), nicknamed "Peaches," who was the wife of Army officer Thomas H. Johnson Jr.[57][58]
Legacy
The Hugh A. Drum Papers collection includes correspondence, diaries, newspaper clippings, memorandums and other official documents.
In 1951 Pine Camp, an Army training site near Watertown, New York, was renamed Camp Drum in General Drum's honor.[61] The post is now known as Fort Drum, and is home to the Army's 10th Mountain Division.[62]
Major assignments
- Commander, 1st Infantry Division - May 1926 to May 1927
- Commander, 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division - May 1927 to September 1927
- Commander, 1st Infantry Division - September 1927 to January 11, 1930
- Inspector General, U.S. Army - January 12, 1930 to November 30, 1931
- Commander, Fifth Corps Area - December 1, 1931 to 1933
- Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army - 1933 to 1935
- Commander, Hawaiian Department - 1935 to 1937
- Commander, Second Corps Area and First Army Area - 1938 to March 17, 1941
- Commander, First Army and Eastern Defense Command - March 18, 1941 to October 7, 1943
- Commander, New York Guard - October 19, 1943 to September 30, 1948
Awards and honors
United States military decorations and medals
- Army Distinguished Service Medalwith oak leaf cluster
- Silver Star
- Spanish War Service Medal
- Philippine Campaign Medal
- Mexican Border Service Medal
- campaign stars
- Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
- American Defense Service Medal
- American Campaign Medal
- World War II Victory Medal.[63]
- Conspicuous Service Cross (number 7492), awarded by the State of New York in November 1948 by right of his having received the Silver Star.[64]
Foreign orders and decorations
His foreign decorations included the French Croix de Guerre, French Legion of Honor (Commander), Belgium's Order of the Crown (Commander), and Italy's Order of the Crown.[65][66]
Other honors
Drum was inducted into the Xavier High School Hall of Fame in 1931.[67]
Drum was a member of the Scabbard and Blade Society.[68][69]
In 1940, he received the
Drum received honorary degrees from Boston College, St. Lawrence University, Fordham University, Loyola University of New Orleans, Columbia University, Rutgers University, New York University, Manhattan College, Pennsylvania Military College, and Georgetown University.[71]
Dates of rank
Drum's effective dates of rank were:[72]
No insignia in 1898 | Second lieutenant, Regular Army : September 9, 1898
|
First lieutenant , Regular Army: January 15, 1900
| |
Captain , Regular Army: March 23, 1906
| |
Major, Regular Army: May 15, 1917 | |
Lieutenant colonel, National Army: August 5, 1917 | |
Colonel, National Army: July 30, 1918 | |
Brigadier general, National Army: October 1, 1918 Reverted to permanent rank of major on July 31, 1919. | |
Major, Regular Army: July 31, 1919 Date of rank May 25, 1917. | |
Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1920 | |
Brigadier general, Regular Army: September 21, 1920 | |
Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: March 4, 1921 | |
Colonel, Regular Army: May 9, 1921 | |
Brigadier general, Regular Army: December 6, 1922 | |
Major general, Temporary: January 29, 1930 | |
Major general, Regular Army: December 1, 1931 | |
Lieutenant general , Temporary: August 5, 1939
| |
Lieutenant general , Retired List: October 16, 1943
| |
Lieutenant general , New York Guard: October 19, 1943
| |
General, New York Guard (Retired): September 30, 1948 |
Notes
- ^ Drum's capture was the inspiration for a scene in the 1967 film The Dirty Dozen.[41]
References
- ^ ISBN 1571970886.
- ^ Johnson, Elliott L. (1975). The Military Experiences of General Hugh A. Drum from 1898–1918. Vol. 1. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin—Madison. pp. 24–28.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Anne Cipriano Venzon, editor, The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, 2013, pages 205–206
- ^ Xavier College (New York), A History of the Xavier Military Program, 2002, page 1
- ^ James J. Cooke, Billy Mitchell, 2002, page 66
- ^ "Death Notice, Captain John Drum". The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society. Vol. 5. New York, NY: American-Irish Historical Society. 1905. p. 142.
- ^ United States War Department, General Orders, Department of the Army, General Order Number 4, January 10, 1899, page 6
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85109-964-1.
- ^ James R. Arnold, The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902–1913, 2011, pages 35–39
- ^ Elliott L. Johnson, The Military Experiences of General Hugh A. Drum from 1898–1918, Volume 1, 1975, page 117
- ^ Marquis Who's Who, Who Was Who in American History: The Military, 1975, page 143
- ^ U.S. Army Publicity Bureau, Life of the Soldier and the Airman, Volumes 20–21, 1938, page 10.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 177.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 181.
- ^ Mark E. Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War, 2010, page 206
- ^ Chicago Daily News, The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book, Volume 35, 1918, page 497
- ^ United States Army Adjutant General, Congressional Medal of Honor, The Distinguished Service Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal Issued by the War Department Since April 6, 1917, 1920, page 885
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 177−181.
- ^ "Valor awards for Hugh Aloysius Drum".
- ^ U.S. Army Adjutant General, The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, 1950, page 357
- ^ Jörg Muth, Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 2011, page 126
- ^ ISBN 9781437912845.
- ^ Army and Navy Journal, Inc., Army and Navy Journal, Volume 75, Issues 1–26, 1937, page 168
- ^ James A. Hoyt, Cases Decided in the United States Court of Claims, Volume 127, 1954, page 400
- ^ James J. Cooke, Billy Mitchell, 2002, page 66
- ^ John B. Wilson, Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades, 1999, page 110
- ^ Charles Scribner's Sons, Scribner's Magazine, Volume 105, 1939, page 36
- ISBN 978-1-58826-082-6.
- ^ Herman S. Wolk, Office of Air Force History, Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943–1947, 1984, page 12
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4179-9503-5.
- ^ Carlo D'Este, Patton: A Genius for War, 1995, page 360
- ^ Alan Axelrod, Patton's Drive: The Making of America's Greatest General, 2010, page 257
- ^ a b c d e Holt, Thaddeus (December 1, 1992). "Relax—It's Only a Maneuver". HistoryNet. Leesburg, VA: World History Group.
- ^ Jean Edward Smith, FDR, 2008, page 432
- ^ David W. Hogan, U.S. Army Center of Military History, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943–1945, 2000, page 13
- ISBN 978-1-59698-326-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8758-0397-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Patton: Blood, Guts, and Prayer, p. 111.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (February 11, 2020). "George S. Patton: American Ajax". YouTube. Hillsdale, MI: Hillsdale College. 15:35. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
1940 in war games in Louisiana, he captured the senior general Hugh Drum. You may have seen The Dirty Dozen, that old movie about how they played dirty. That was based on Patton's war maneuvers, about how he went on a 400-mile goose chase, they thought, and ended up capturing the red general. He was on the blue team.
- ISBN 978-0-425-27419-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-3142-7.
- ^ Hannah Pakula, The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China, 2009, page 372
- ^ Robert Paul Fuller, Last Shots for Patton's Third Army, 2003, page 13
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Scabbard and Blade Journal. Stillwater, OK: National Society of Scabbard and Blade. 1943. p. 6 – via Google Books.
- ^ National Guard Association of the United States, Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1946, page 176
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Thomas Edmund Dewey, Public Papers of Thomas E. Dewey, Volume 11, 1946, page 570
- ^ Newport Daily News, Gen. Hugh A. Drum Dies: Pershing Aide In World War I, October 3, 1951
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Arlington National Cemetery Grave Site Locator
- ^ Logansport Pharos, City News: Wedding announcement, Hugh A. Drum and Mary Reaume, October 8, 1903
- ^ Buffalo Courier-Express, General Drum's Daughter Weds, December 13, 1941
- ^ Ruth Ellen Patton Totten, The Button Box: A Daughter's Loving Memoir of Mrs. George S. Patton, 2005, page 248
- OCLC 47163959.
- ^ "The Hugh A. Drum Papers, 1898–1951".
- ^ "Fort Drum Collection". Stlawu.edu. Canton, NY: St. Lawrence University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
- ^ Robert E. Brennan, Jeannie I. Brennan, Fort Drum, 2002, page 8
- ^ Scabbard and Blade Society, Scabbard and Blade Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1943, page 6
- ^ "New York State Record of Awards 1920–1991, Conspicuous Service Cross Entry for Hugh A. Drum". Ancestry.com. Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. November 4, 1948. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
- ^ Army and Navy Register, Inc., Army and Navy Register, September 23, 1922, page 291
- ^ Elliott L. Johnson, The Military Experiences of General Hugh A. Drum from 1898–1918, Volume 2, 1975, page 360
- ^ "The Xavier Hall of Fame" (PDF). XavierhsAlumni.org. New York, NY: Xavier High School Alumni Association. 2012. p. 2. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ Scabbard and Blade Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1943, page 6
- ^ H.W. Wilson Company, Current Biography, 1941, page 239
- ^ Delphos Daily Herald, Lt.-Gen. Hugh A. Drum is the 1940 Recipient of the Laetare Medal, March 4, 1940
- ^ New York Sun, Drum Gets Hemisphere Post, August 24, 1943
- ^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army. 1948. Vol. 2. pg. 2166.
Bibliography
- Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press. OCLC 40298151.
- Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. OCLC 865332376.
- ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.