10th Mountain Division
10th Mountain Division | |||||
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XVIII Airborne Corps | |||||
Garrison/HQ | Fort Drum, New York | ||||
Nickname(s) | The Tenth Legion, The Mountaineers | ||||
Motto(s) | Climb to Glory[1] | ||||
Colors | Red and Blue | ||||
Engagements |
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Commanders | |||||
Current commander | Combat service identification badge | ||||
Division flag | |||||
NATO Map Symbol |
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US Infantry Divisions | ||||
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The 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) is an elite light infantry division in the United States Army based at Fort Drum, New York. Formerly designated as a mountain warfare unit, the division was the only one of its size in the US military to receive specialized training for fighting in mountainous conditions. More recently, the 10th Mountain has been conducting operations in Iraq and Syria advising and assisting Iraqi Security Forces and People's Defense Units, respectively.
Originally activated as the 10th Light Division (Alpine) in 1943, the division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division in 1944 and fought in the mountains of
Following the war, the division was deactivated, only to be reactivated and redesignated as the 10th Infantry Division in 1948. The division first acted as a training division and, in 1954, was converted to a full combat division and sent to Germany before being deactivated again in 1958.
Reactivated again in 1985, the division was designated the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) to historically tie it to the World War II division and to also better describe its modern disposition. Since its reactivation, the division or elements of the division have deployed numerous times. The division has participated in
Since 2002, the 10th Mountain Division has been the most deployed regular Army unit.
History
Formation
The 10th Division was originally organized during World War I in July 1918 as a Regular Army and National Army division and was commanded by Major General Leonard Wood, formerly the Chief of Staff of the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient. However, due to the Armistice with Germany in November 1918 which ended hostilities, the division did not go overseas and was demobilized in February 1919 at Camp Funston, Kansas. It was redesignated the Panama Canal Division after the war and shares no connection with the 10th Mountain Division activated during World War II.[4]
In November 1939, two months after World War II broke out in Europe, during the
On 8 December 1941, the day after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent American entry into World War II, the army activated its first mountain unit, the 87th Mountain Infantry Battalion (which was later expanded to the 87th Infantry Regiment) at Fort Lewis, Washington, south of Tacoma.[14] It was the first mountain warfare unit in U.S. military history.[16] The National Ski Patrol took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the division, becoming the only civilian recruiting agency in military history.[14] Army planners favored recruiting experienced skiers for the unit instead of trying to train standing troops in mountain warfare, so Dole recruited from schools, universities, and ski clubs for the unit.[17] The 87th trained in harsh conditions, including Mount Rainier's 14,411-foot (4,392 m) peak, throughout 1942 as more recruits were brought in to form the division.[18][19] Initial training was conducted by Olympian Rolf Monsen.[20] A new garrison was built for the division in central Colorado at Camp Hale, at an elevation of 9,200 feet (2,800 m) above sea level.[21][22]
World War II
The 10th Light Division (Alpine) was constituted on 10 July 1943[23] and activated five days later at Camp Hale under the command of Brigadier General Lloyd E. Jones, with Brigadier General Frank L. Culin Jr. assigned as his assistant division commander (ADC).[24] At the time, the division had a strength of 8,500 out of the 16,000 planned, so the military transferred troops from the 30th, 31st, and 33rd Infantry Divisions along with volunteers from the National Guards of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah and Washington State (Specifically men who are from the Rocky Mountains region and those who are from the Northern States specifically close to the 45th Parallel of the US-Canadian Border), to fill out the remainder of the division.[25] This lowered morale and the division faced many difficulties in the new training, which had no established army doctrine.[22] The 10th Light Division was centered on regimental commands; the 85th, 86th, and 87th Infantry Regiments.[26] Also assigned to the division were the 604th, 605th, and 616th Field Artillery battalions, the 110th Signal Company, the 710th Ordnance Company, the 10th Quartermaster Company, the 10th Reconnaissance Troop, the 126th Engineer Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 10th Counter-Intelligence Detachment.[26][27] The 10th Light Division was unique in that it was the only division in the army with three field artillery battalions instead of four.[26] It was equipped with vehicles specialized in snow operation, such as the M29 Weasel,[28] and winter weather gear, such as white camouflage and skis specifically designed for the division.[29][30] The division practiced its rock climbing skills in preparation for the invasion of Italy on the challenging peaks of Seneca Rocks in West Virginia.
On 22 June 1944, the division was shipped to
Italy
The division sailed for the
By 20 January, all three of the 10th's regiments were on or near the front line between the Serchio Valley and Mt. Belvedere. Col. Raymond C. Barlow commanded the 85th Regiment, Col. Clarence M. Tomlinson the 86th, and Col. David M. Fowler the 87th.[citation needed]
Preliminary defensive actions in mid-February were followed by Operation Encore, a series of attacks in conjunction with troops of the 1st Brazilian Infantry Division, to dislodge the Germans from their artillery positions in the Northern Apennines on the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions, in order to make possible the Allied advance over the Po Valley.[37] While the Brazilian division was in charge of taking Monte Castello and Castelnuovo di Vergato, the 10th Mountain Division was responsible for the Mount Belvedere area, climbing nearby Riva Ridge during the night of 18 February and attacking Mount Della Torraccia on 20 February. These peaks were cleared after four days of heavy fighting, as Axis troops launched several counterattacks in these positions.[38]
In early March, the division fought its way north of Canolle and moved to within 15 miles (24 km) of
The division resumed its attack on 14 April, attacking Torre Iussi and Rocca Roffeno to the north of Mount Della Spe. On 17 April, it broke through the German defenses, which allowed it to advance into the Po Valley area.
Casualties
- Total battle casualties: 4,072[41]
- Killed in action: 992[41]
- Wounded in action: 3,134[41]
- Missing in action: 38[41]
- Prisoners of war: 28[41]
Demobilization
Originally, the division was to be sent to the
Cold War
In June 1948, the division was rebuilt and activated at
In 1954, the division was converted to a combat division once again, though it did not regain its "Mountain" status.
Reactivation
On 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at
Structure in 1989
At the end of the Cold War, the division was organized as follows:
- 10th Mountain Division (Light), Fort Drum, New York[49]
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company
- 1st Brigade
- 2nd Brigade[53]
- 27th Infantry Brigade (Light), Syracuse (New York Army National Guard)[56]
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company
- 1st Battalion, 108th Infantry, Auburn[57]
- 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry, Syracuse[57]
- 3rd Battalion, 108th Infantry, Utica[57]
- 1st Battalion, 156th Field Artillery, Kingston, (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer)[58]
- 427th Support Battalion (Forward), Syracuse
- Troop E, 101st Cavalry, Buffalo
- 827th Engineer Company, Buffalo
- Aviation Brigade[59]
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company
- 3rd Squadron, 17th Cavalry (Reconnaissance)[60]
- 2nd Battalion, 25th Aviation (Attack)[61]
- Company C, 25th Aviation (General Support)[62]
- Company D, 25th Aviation (Assault)
- Division Artillery[63][64]
- Division Support Command
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company
- 10th Medical Battalion
- 10th Supply & Transportation Battalion[67]
- 710th Maintenance Battalion
- Company E, 25th Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance)
- 3rd Battalion, 62nd Air Defense Artillery
- 41st Engineer Battalion[68]
- 10th Signal Battalion[69]
- 110th Military Intelligence Battalion
- 10th Military Police Company
- 59th Chemical Company[70]
- 10th Mountain Division Band[71]
Contingencies
In 1990, the division sent 1,200 soldiers to support
Operation Restore Hope
On 3 December 1992, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the
Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased.
Operation Uphold Democracy
The division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during
The division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on 15 January 1995. The division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995.[74]
Operation Joint Forge
In the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of
Operation Joint Guardian
Readiness controversy
During the
In 2002, columnist and highly decorated military veteran David Hackworth again criticized the 10th Mountain Division for being unprepared due to lack of training, low physical fitness, unprepared leadership, and low morale. He said the division was no longer capable of mountain warfare.[78]
War on Terrorism
Initial deployments and 2004 reorganization
Following the
On 13 February 2002, Mikolashek ordered Hagenbeck to move CFLCC (Forward) to Bagram airfield located at Bagram and 2 days later the headquarters was officially redesignated as Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Mountain.[81] It assumed responsibility for the planning and execution of what had then become known as Operation Anaconda.[citation needed]
Elements of the division, primarily 1-87th Infantry, remained in the country until mid-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as
In 2003, the division's headquarters, along with the 1st Brigade, returned to Afghanistan. During that time, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as Paktika Province, going to places previously untouched by the war in search of Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Fighting in several small-scale conflicts such as Operation Avalanche, Operation Mountain Resolve, and Operation Mountain Viper, the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents.[84] The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions.[73]
In 2003 and into 2004, the division's aviation brigade deployed for the first time to
On the return of the division headquarters and 1st Brigade, the 10th Mountain Division began the process of
Iraq deployments
In late 2004, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team was deployed to Iraq supporting
The next time the 1st Brigade Combat Team was deployed was during the Surge for 15 months in Iraq. Northern Iraq was the theater of operations for 1 BCT from August 2007 until November 2008.[citation needed]
The 4th BCT operated in Northeast Baghdad under the 4th Infantry Division headquarters from November 2007 until January 2009. The 10th Mountain participated in larger-scale operations, such as Operation Phantom Phoenix.[citation needed]
After a one-year rest, the headquarters of the 10th Mountain Division was deployed to Iraq for the first time in April 2008. The division headquarters served as the command element for southern Baghdad until late March 2009, when it displaced to Basrah to replace departing British forces on 31 March 2009 to coordinate security for the Multinational Division-South area of responsibility, a consolidation of the previously Polish-led south-central and British-led southeast operational areas. The 10th Mountain Division headquarters transferred authority for MND-S to the 34th Infantry Division, Minnesota Army National Guard on 20 May 2009.[citation needed]
The 2nd Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2009, as a part of the 2009–2010 rotation to Iraq.[90]
Afghanistan deployments
The division headquarters, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, and two Battalion Task Forces from the 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Afghanistan in 2006, staying in the country until 2007. The division and brigade served in the eastern region of the country, along the border with
In the winter of 2006, the 10th Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, was deployed again to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom as the only aviation brigade in the theater, stationed at
The
The 1st Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in late 2009 but deployed instead to Afghanistan in March 2010 for 13 months.
The
The 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Regional Command East, under the 101st Airborne Division from October 2010 until their redeployment in October 2011. The 4th BCT deployed to both Wardak and Logar provinces. During this deployment, they went to places such as Chakh Valley in Wardak Province and Charkh Valley in Logar Province in search of elements of the Haqqani Network. In May 2013, the brigade deployed again to Afghanistan returning home in February 2014.[98]
In 2015, Diana M. Holland became the first woman to serve as a general officer at Fort Drum, and the first woman to serve as a deputy commanding general in one of the Army's light infantry divisions (specifically, the 10th Mountain Division.)[99]
In February 2015,
On 5 December 2019, the Department of the Army announced that the 1st Brigade Combat Team would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division as part of a unit rotation in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel.[105] The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in February 2020.[citation needed]
Operation Atlantic Resolve
On 3 November 2016, Stars and Stripes reported that the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade would deploy 1,750 soldiers to
Operation Inherent Resolve
Between late summer and early fall 2015, as well as again in 2016, 1,250 soldiers from the
Controversial shoot house training viral video
A viral video showed soldiers in the division conducting live fire training in a shoot house.[110][111][112] The soldiers violated numerous safety issues, including flagging and failure to follow norms of room clearing, such as failure to clear corners or follow points of domination, with observers giving no correction.[113][114][115] Responding to the viral incident, Division CSM Mario O. Terenas addressed the incident on Twitter: "it's 10th Mountain Division. We ran it down to the ground and it is 10th Mountain Division. It is our folks, and it really, really hurts to say that...It is not the standard, it is not how we do business, and it is not acceptable. We're running this thing down to the ground. We will investigate it, we will take action, and we will re-train. That is a guarantee."[116]
Honors
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2024) |
The 10th Mountain Division was awarded two campaign streamers in World War II, one campaign streamer for Somalia, and four campaign streamers in the War on Terrorism for a total of seven campaign streamers and three unit decorations in its operational history. Note that some of the division's brigades received more or fewer decorations depending on their individual deployments.[32]
Unit decorations
Ribbon | Award | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) | 2001–2002 | for service in Central Asia | |
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) | 2003–2004 | for service in Afghanistan | |
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) | 28 Feb 06 – 27 Feb 07 | for service in Afghanistan[117] | |
Valorous Unit Award
(ARMY) |
Aug 2006 - Oct 2007 | For outstanding service in Iraq | |
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) | 2008–2009 | for service in Iraq[118] | |
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) | 2014 | for service in Afghanistan | |
Joint Meritorious Unit Award (Army) | 1992–1995 | for service in Somalia |
Campaign streamers
Conflict | Streamer | Year(s) |
---|---|---|
World War II | North Apennines | 1945 |
World War II | Po Valley | 1945 |
Operation Restore Hope
|
Somalia | 1992–1994 |
Operation Enduring Freedom | Afghanistan | 2001–2002 |
Operation Enduring Freedom | Afghanistan | 2003–2004 |
Operation Enduring Freedom | Afghanistan | 2006–2007 |
Operation Iraqi Freedom
|
Iraq | 2008–2009 |
Operation Enduring Freedom | Afghanistan | 2010–2011 |
Legacy
Skiing associations subsequently contend that veterans of the 10th Mountain Division had a substantial effect on the post-World War II development of
People associated with the 10th Mountain Division later went on to achieve notability in other fields. Among these are
Additionally, four members of the division have been awarded the Medal of Honor. In 1945 John D. Magrath became the first member of the division to receive this award (posthumously) during World War II.[141][142] The second, Jared C. Monti, received it posthumously in 2009, for actions during a combat operation on 21 June 2006 as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.[143] The third, William D. Swenson, received it in 2013, for actions on 8 September 2009, during the Battle of Ganjgal in Afghanistan.[144] The fourth, Travis W. Atkins, received it posthumously on 27 March 2019, for actions on 1 June 2007 during a patrol in Iraq.[145]
The division's efforts in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom and beyond led to the division being referred to as the "Tribe of Crossed Swords" by some Afghans.[146]
In popular culture
The 10th Mountain Division was the subject of the 1996 film
Organization
This division consists of a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, three infantry brigade combat teams, a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, and a division sustainment brigade. The division artillery has training and readiness oversight over the division's field artillery battalions, which remain organic to their brigade combat teams.[citation needed]
- 10th Mountain Division
- Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion(DHHB)"Gauntlet"
- Headquarters Support Company[151]
- Signal, Intelligence, and Sustainment Company
- 10th Mountain Division Band
- Light Fighters School
- 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (1st IBCT) "Warrior"[152]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (1st IBCT)
- 3rd Squadron,71st Cavalry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,22nd Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion,32nd Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion,87th Infantry Regiment
- 6th Field Artillery Regiment(3-6th FAR)
- 7th Brigade Engineer Battalion(7th BEB)
- 10th Brigade Support Battalion (10th BSB)
- 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT) "Commandos"[152][153]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT)
- 89th Cavalry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,14th Infantry Regiment
- 4th Battalion,31st Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,87th Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,15th Field Artillery Regiment (2-15th FAR)
- 41st Brigade Engineer Battalion (41st BEB)
- 210th Brigade Support Battalion (210th BSB)
- 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (3rd IBCT) "Patriots", based at Fort Johnson, (Louisiana)[154][155]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (3rd IBCT)
- 89th Cavalry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,2nd Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,4th Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion,30th Infantry Regiment
- 25th Field Artillery Regiment(5-25th FAR)
- 317th Brigade Engineer Battalion (317th BEB) "Buffalo"
- 710th Brigade Support Battalion (710th BSB) "Patriot Support"
- 10th Division Artillery(10th DIVARTY)
- 10th Combat Aviation Brigade (10th CAB) "Falcons"[154]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),10th Combat Aviation Brigade (10th CAB)
- 1st Battalion,10th Aviation Regiment (Attack) (1-10th Attack Battalion) "Tigershark"
- 2nd Battalion,10th Aviation Regiment (Assault) (2-10th Assault Battalion)
- 3rd Battalion,10th Aviation Regiment (General Support) (3-10th General Support Battalion)"Phoenix"
- 6th Squadron,6th Cavalry Regiment "Six Shooters"
- 277th Aviation Support Battalion (277th ASB) "Mountain Eagle"
- 10th Division Sustainment Brigade[156]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
- Division Sustainment Troops Battalion (DSTB) "Workhorse"[157]
- 548th Division Sustainment Support Battalion (548th DSSB)
Previous commanders
Individuals who have served as commanders and command sergeants major of the 10th Mountain Division include:[158]
Division commanders
|
Division commanders (continued)
|
Command Sergeants Major
|
Notable former members
- Travis Atkins, Iraq[159]
- Skippy Baxter, World War II[160]
- Bill Bowerman, World War II[161]
- David Brower, World War II[161]
- Bob Dole, World War II[162]
- Donald G. Dunn, World War II[163]
- Billy Kearns, World War II[164]
- John David Magrath, World War II[165]
- Chelsea Manning, Iraq[166]
- Jared C. Monti, Afghanistan[167]
- Paul Petzoldt, World War II[161]
- Walter Prager, World War II[161]
- Michael Prysner, Iraq[168]
- Pete Seibert, World War II[161]
- William D. Swenson, Afghanistan[169]
- Torger Tokle, World War II
- Rupert von Trapp, World War II[162]
- Werner von Trapp, World War II[162]
- Alejandro Villanueva, Afghanistan[162]
- Eric Wolf, World War II
References
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- ^ Shelton 2003, p. 10
- ^ Look magazine page 4, 25 March 1941
- ^ a b Baumgardner 1998, p. 15
- ^ Shelton 2003, p. 13
- ^ Shelton 2003, p. 15
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- ^ Skiing Heritage Journal 1995, p. 8
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- ^ Baumgardner 1998, p. 18
- ^ Shelton 2003, p. 34
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- ^ Pushies 2008, p. 11
- ^ a b Baumgardner 1998, p. 20
- ^ Feuer 2006, p. iv
- ^ Govan, Thomas P. (1 September 1946). "History of the tenth Light Division (Alpine): The Army Ground Forces Study No. 28". history.army.mil. Washington, DC: U.S. Army ground Forces. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
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Tan, Michelle (27 February 2015). "Army announces new Afghanistan deployments". ArmyTimes. Gannett. Retrieved 28 February 2015. - ^ "Army names 3 units for Iraq, Afghanistan deployments". 5 August 2015.
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Further reading
- Mountaineers (Denver: Artcraft Press, n.d.)
- Hal Burton, The Ski Troops (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971)
- Harris Dusenbery, The North Apennines and Beyond with the 10th Mountain Division (Portland: Binford & Mort, 1998)
- Harris Duesenbery, Ski the High Trail: World War II Ski Troopers in the High Colorado Rockies (Portland:Binford & Mort, 1991)
- Frank Harper, Night Climb (New York: Longmans, Green, & Co, 1946)
- Maurice Isserman, The Winter Army: The World War II Odyssey of the 10th Mountain Division, America's Elite Alpine Warriors (New York: HarperCollins, 2019)
- McKay Jenkins, The Last Ridge (New York: Random House, 2003) ISBN 0-375-50771-X