Hydnum repandum

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the other species named Hedgehog mushroom, see Hericium erinaceus.

Hydnum repandum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Hydnaceae
Genus: Hydnum
Species:
H. repandum
Binomial name
Hydnum repandum
L. (1753)[1]
Synonyms[6]
Hydnum repandum
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Teeth on hymenium
Cap is depressed
Hymenium is decurrent
Stipe is bare
Spore print is white to cream
Ecology is
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter,

mushroom tissue
is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

A

coniferous or deciduous woodland.[9][10] This is a choice edible
species, although mature specimens can develop a bitter taste. It has no poisonous lookalikes.

Taxonomy

First officially

Petter Karsten in 1881; Sarcodon by French naturalist Lucien Quélet in 1886.[6] After a 1977 nomenclatural proposal by American mycologist Ronald H. Petersen[12] was accepted, Hydnum repandum became the official type species of the genus Hydnum. Previously, supporting arguments for making H. repandum the type were made by Dutch taxonomist Marinus Anton Donk (1958)[13] and Petersen (1973),[14] while Czech mycologist Zdeněk Pouzar (1958)[15] and Canadian mycologist Kenneth Harrison (1971) thought that H. imbricatum should be the type.[16]

Several

synonymous with H. rufescens.[18] Form amarum, published from Slovenia by Zlata Stropnik, Bogdan Tratnik and Garbrijel Seljak in 1988,[19] is illegitimate as per article 36.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, as it was not given a sufficiently comprehensive description. French botanist Jean-Baptiste Barla described H. repandum var. rufescens in 1859.[20] English naturalist Carleton Rea described the white-fruit bodied version as a variety—H. repandum var. album—in 1922.[21]

cryptic species, and that the taxon may currently be undergoing intensive speciation.[22] A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 of members of the genus worldwide found that there are at least four species in the broad concept of H. repandum: two species from southern China, one from Europe and eastern North America, and H. repandum itself from Europe and northern (and alpine southwestern) China and Japan. Although it is missing from Central America, genetic material has been recovered from Venezuela from the tree Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea, suggesting it somehow migrated there and had changed hosts.[23]

The specific epithet repandum means "bent back", referring to the wavy cap margin. The varietal epithet album means "white as an egg".[24] Hydnum repandum has been given several vernacular names: "sweet tooth",[25] "yellow tooth fungus",[26] "wood urchin",[27] "spreading hedgehog",[28] "hedgehog mushroom", or "pig's trotter".[29] The variety album is known as "white wood".[24]

Description

Detail of the spines

The orange-, yellow- or tan-colored

fruit bodies are closely clustered.[30] The cap surface is generally dry and smooth, although mature specimens may show cracking.[29] Viewed from above, the caps of mature specimens resemble somewhat those of chanterelles.[31] The flesh is thick, white, firm, brittle, and bruises yellow to orange-brown. The underside is densely covered with small, slender whitish spines measuring 2–7 mm (1⁄16–1⁄4 in) long.[29] These spines sometimes run down at least one side of the stipe.[27] The stipe, typically 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long and 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) thick, is either white or the same color as the cap, and is sometimes off-center.[29] It is easy to overlook the mushrooms when they are situated amongst gilled mushrooms and boletes, because the cap and stipe are fairly nondescript and the mushrooms must be turned over to reveal their spines.[32] The pure white variety of this species, H. repandum var. album, is smaller than the main variety, with a cap measuring 2–7 cm (1–3 in) wide and a stipe that is 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) long.[24]

The

cap cuticle is a trichodermium (where the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface) of narrow, club-shaped cells that are 2.5–4 µm wide. Underneath this tissue is the subhymenial layer of interwoven hyphae measuring 10–20 µm in diameter. The spine tissue is made of narrow (2–5 µm diameter), thin-walled hyphae with clamp connections.[27]

At a market in Finland

Chemistry

Both H. repandum and the variety album contain the

1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenol, and (E)-1,3-octadiene.[34]

European studies conducted after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster showed that the fruit bodies have a high rate of accumulation of the radioactive isotope caesium.[35]

Similar species

North American lookalikes include the white hedgehog (Hydnum albidum) and the giant hedgehog (H. albomagnum). H. albidum has a white to pale yellowish grey fruit body that bruises yellow to orange. H. albomagnum is large and paler than H. repandum.[36] Hydnum umbilicatum is smaller, with caps measuring 3–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, and thinner stipes that are 0.5–1 cm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) wide.[37] Its caps are umbilicate (with a navel-like cavity), sometimes with a hole in the center of the cap,[30] unlike the flattened or slightly depressed caps of H. repandum.[24] Microscopically, H. umbilicatum has spores that are larger and more elliptical than those of H. repandum, measuring 7.5–9 by 6–7.5 µm.[31] A European lookalike, H. rufescens, is also smaller than H. repandum, and has a deeper apricot to orange color.[38] Hydnum ellipsosporum, described as a new species from Germany in 2004, differs from H. repandum by the shape and length of its spores, which are ellipsoid and measure 9–11 by 6–7.5 µm. Compared to H. repandum, it has smaller fruit bodies, with cap diameters ranging from 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) wide.[39]

Habitat and distribution

Collection from Eggingen, Germany

H. repandum is a

Least Concern.[41] H. repandum does not occur in Canada, but two related species do: H. washingtonianum and H. subolympicum.[42]

Uses

Hydnum repandum, dried[43]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,431 kJ (342 kcal)
56.1 g
4.3 g
19.7 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin C
1%
1.1 mg
Copper
4322%
38.9 mg
Iron
211%
38 mg
Magnesium
55%
230 mg
Manganese
1009%
23.2 mg
Potassium
0%
2.89 mg
Sodium
1%
31.9 mg
Zinc
52%
5.72 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[44] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[45]

Nutrition

Dried H. repandum is 56%

Mycosterol is present.[46]

Culinary

H. repandum is considered to be a good

poisonous
lookalikes, and that H. repandum mushrooms are unlikely to be infested with maggots.

Delicately brushing the cap and stipe of specimens immediately after harvest will help prevent soil from getting lodged between the teeth. H. repandum mushrooms can be cooked by

sautéeing, which creates a "tender, meaty texture and a mild flavor."[49] The mushroom tissue absorbs liquids well and assumes the flavors of added ingredients.[49] The firm texture of the cooked mushroom makes it suitable for freezing. Its natural flavor is reportedly similar to the peppery taste of watercress,[32] or oysters.[50] Older specimens may have a bitter taste, but boiling can remove the bitterness.[48] Specimens found under conifers can taste "unpleasantly strong".[51] The form amarum, locally common in Slovakia, is reportedly inedible because its fruit body has a bitter taste at all developmental stages.[19]

Hydnum repandum is frequently sold with chanterelles in Italy, and in France, it is one of the officially recognized edible species sold in markets.[40] In Europe, it is usually sold under its French name pied-de-mouton (sheep's foot).[36] H. repandum mushrooms are also used as a food source by the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris).[52]

References

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1178.
  2. ^ Schaffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Regensburg, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. p. 99, plate 318.
  3. ^ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. p. 650.
  4. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19–21.
  5. ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Paris: Octave Dion. p. 189.
  6. ^ a b "Hydnum repandum L. 1753". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  7. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 30564052
    .
  9. PMID 27151256
    .
  10. ^ "Hydnum repandum, Wood Hedgehog mushroom". Wildflowers, wild orchids, fungi, wildlife; nature books, reserves. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  11. ^ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 397.
  12. JSTOR 1220228
    .
  13. JSTOR 1217430
    .
  14. JSTOR 1218039
    .
  15. JSTOR 1217522
    .
  16. JSTOR 3757911
    .
  17. ^ Nikolajeva TL. (1961). "Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae". Flora Plantarum Cryptogamarum URSS. 6 (2): 1–432 [306].
  18. ^ "Hydnum repandum f. rufescens (Pers.) Nikol., Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae, 6(2): 305, 1961". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  19. ^ a b Stropnik Z, Tratnik B, Seljak G (1988). Naše Gobje Bogastvo (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Mladinska Knjiga.
  20. ^ Barla J-B. (1859). Les Champignons de la Province de Nice (in French). Nice, France: Canis Frères. p. 81.
  21. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 630.
  22. doi:10.3989/ajbm.2221
    .
  23. PMID 27151256
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6
    .
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55407-115-9
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2
    .
  27. ^
    ISBN 978-1-900347-15-0
    .
  28. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
    .
  29. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  30. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9
    .
  31. ^ a b Kuo M. (August 2003). "Hydnum repandum". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  32. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7006-0571-2
    .
  33. PMID 1294319
    .
  34. ^ Fons F, Rapior S, Eyssartier G, Bessiere JM (2003). "Les substances volatiles dans les genres Cantharellus, Craterellus et Hydnum" [Volatile compounds in the Cantharellus, Craterellus and Hydnum genera]. Cryptogamie. Mycologie (in French). 24 (4): 367–76.
  35. S2CID 83986546
    .
  36. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0
    .
  37. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4
    .
  38. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-723224-6
    .
  39. ^ Ostrow H, Beenkin L (2004). "Hydnum ellipsosporum spec. nov. (Basidiomycetes, Cantharellales) – ein Doppelganger von Hydnum rufescens Fr" [Hydnum ellipsosporum spec. nov (Basidiomycetes, Cantharellales) – a double of Hydnum rufescens Fr.] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 70 (2): 137–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  40. ^
    ISBN 978-0-442-21998-7
    .
  41. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005
    .
  42. ISSN 0027-5514
    .
  43. ^ Nutritional values are based on chemical analysis of specimens collected from the East
    Black Sea region in Turkey. Source: Ayaz FA, Torun H, Özel A, Col M, Duran C, Sesli E, Colak A (2011). "Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from Black Sea region (Turkey)"
    (PDF). Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 36 (3): 213–21.
  44. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  45. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  46. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077
    .
  47. ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5
    .
  48. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-724768-4
    .
  49. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9
    .
  50. ISBN 978-0-9739819-0-2
    .
  51. ISBN 978-0-00-220012-7
    .
  52. S2CID 28125328
    .

Cited literature

External links
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