Innate resistance to HIV
A small proportion of humans show partial or apparently complete innate resistance to HIV, the virus that causes
History
In 1994, Stephen Crohn became the first person discovered to be completely resistant to HIV in all tests performed despite having partners infected by the virus.[3] Crohn's resistance was a result of the absence of a receptor, which prevent the HIV from infecting CD4 present on the exterior of the white blood cells. The absence of such receptors, or rather the shortening of them to the point of being inoperable, is known as the delta 32 mutation.[4] This mutation is linked to groups of people that have been exposed to HIV but remain uninfected such as some offspring of HIV positive mothers, health officials, and sex workers.[5]
In early 2000, researchers discovered a small group of sex workers in
CCR5 deletion
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a
In humans, the CCR5 gene that encodes the CCR5 protein is
TNPO3 mutation
In 2019, it was discovered that a mutation of
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
African nonhuman primates
Chimpanzees in African countries have been found to develop AIDS at a slower rate than humans. This resistance is not due to the primate's ability to control the virus in a manner that is substantially more effective than humans, but rather because of the lack of tissues created within the body that typically progress HIV to AIDS. The chimpanzees also lack
Creating genetic resistance
While
Alternatively to gene therapy, medication such as maraviroc (MVC) is being used to bind with CCR5 particles, blocking the entry of HIV into the cell. While not effective with all types, MVC has been proven to decrease the spread of HIV through monotherapy as well as combination therapy with ARTs. MVC is the only CCR5 binding drug approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Commission and Health Canada.[15]
HIV resistance as an environmental factor
While the delta mutation has been observed to prevent HIV in specific populations, it has shown little to no effect between healthy individuals and those who are infected with HIV among Iranian populations. This is attributed to individuals being heterozygous for the mutation, which prevents the delta mutation from effectively prohibiting HIV from entering immune cells.[16]
See also
- Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists
- Entry inhibitor
- HIV tropism
- Timothy Ray Brown
- Stephen Crohn
References
- ^ Scutti, Susan (20 November 2014). "Why Some People Are Naturally Immune To HIV". Medical Daily. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (7 September 2012). "Is Anyone Immune to HIV?". Plus. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- Nolen, Stephanie (27 May 2007). "Staying alive: the women who are immune to Aids". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- Angelle, Amber (21 July 2010). "Immune to HIV: How Do They Do It?". LiveScience. Retrieved 20 January 2015. - ^ Singh, Maanvi (21 September 2013). "In Life, Man Immune To HIV Helped Scientists Fight Virus". National Public Radio. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- Green, Jesse (13 June 2014). "The Man Who Was Immune to AIDS". New York. Retrieved 20 January 2015. - ^ "In Life, Man Immune To HIV Helped Scientists Fight Virus". National Public Radio. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ PMID 16736351.
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. (3 February 2000). "A New AIDS Mystery: Prostitutes Who Have Remained Immune". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Blackwell, Tom (13 February 2012). "Blackwell on Health: Montreal researchers discover why some prostitutes evade HIV". National Post. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Public Health Agency of Canada have identified 15 proteins unique to those virus-free prostitutes
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Health | Prostitutes lose HIV immunity". 2021-10-03. Archived from the original on 2021-10-03. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
- ^ "Prostitutes lose HIV immunity". BBC News. 1999. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- PMID 29221798.
- PMID 24597865.
- PMID 31465518.
- ^ S2CID 27673160.
- ^ Herman, Jason (18 April 2016). "Gene Therapy and Genome Editing Strategies for HIV Resistance" (PDF). Science Spotlight. 6 (4). Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center: 1–3.
- PMID 26491256.
- PMID 29209099.
External links