Józef Łobodowski

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Józef Łobodowski
Second World War
Post-War period
GenreCatastrophism (katastrofizm)
Neo-romanticism
Lyric poetry
Ghazal
Qasida
Bagatelle (fraszka)
Satirical poetry
Literary movementSkamander
The Second Avant-garde (Druga Awangarda)
Notable worksRozmowa z ojczyzną
("A Conversation with the Fatherland"; 1935);
Demonom nocy ("To the Demons of the Night"; 1936)
Notable awardsYouth Prize of the
Polish Academy of Literature
(1937)
SpouseJadwiga Laura Zofia Kuryłło (Marriage: 1938-03-01, Divorce: 1950-04-09)
RelativesWładysława Łobodowska (b. 1905; married name (from 1927), Tomanek or Tomankowa; sister)
Adam Tomanek (b. 1928; nephew)[5]

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski (19 March 1909 – 18 April 1988) was a Polish poet and political thinker.

His poetic works are broadly divided into two distinct phases: the earlier one, until about 1934, in which he was sometimes identified as "the last of the

anticommunism
, broadly paralleled the trajectory of his poetic oeuvre.

To the contemporary reading public Łobodowski was also known as the founder and

post-War Poland and spent most of his life in exile
in Spain.

Life and work

Early life

Łobodowski was born on 19 March 1909 in the lands of

Zaporizhian Sich by Catherine II in 1775.[13]
However, the Kuban, and Yeysk in particular did not prove a safe haven for the family, and here his father, Władysław Łobodowski, was at last arrested by the Bolsheviks: although eventually released through the intervention of a former comrade-in-arms from the Imperial Russian Army who had crossed over the new ideological divide, he died there of natural causes on 4 March 1922 and is buried in town. Thereupon Łobodowski's mother, Stefanja Łobodowska, decided to take her three surviving children (one daughter had already died earlier) to the nascent Second Polish Republic, a long and perilous journey which claimed the life of another of her children, a second daughter, hurriedly buried along the way in an unmarked grave.[5] Thus reduced in numbers and deprived of means of support, the family settled once again in Lublin, in an establishment owned by Stefanja Łobodowska's stepsister, Łobodowski's aunt.

Youth and the early period as a poet

The city of Lublin (now in independent Poland) was thus to become the centre of his youth, and here Łobodowski spent his tumultuous high-school years which saw his first forays into poetry, encouraged by the poet

personal idiom Łobodowski developed was distinctively and unmistakably his own.[14] One of the first compositions published by Łobodowski was the poem "Dlaczego" (Why?) which appeared in May 1928 in the bimonthly magazine W Słońce which he co-edited and which also carried in its first issue the article of a 19-year-old Łobodowski on the nature of poetry in general as the art of the unsayable, and some other of his poems.[15] His début in book form in 1929, at the age of 20, was the collection of poems entitled Słońce przez szpary ("Sunshine through the Cracks"). This was followed by the volume entitled Gwiezdny psałterz ("Astral Psaltery") released in the autumn of 1931, whose programmatic poem "Poezja" (Poetry) is dedicated to Julian Tuwim in obvious ac­knowl­edge­ment of his indebtedness to the Skamander circle.[16] However, another poem in the collection, "Hymn brzucha" (The Hymn of the Belly), in which reverberate the echos of the terrible period of hunger experienced in Yeysk in 1917–1922, will mark the beginning, stylistically, of a post-Skamander stage in Łobodowski's creative journey.[17]
These early volumes largely escaped the notice of the literary establishment at the time.

On the Red Colour of Blood and other colours

Łobodowski began to draw attention with his third collection of poetry on account of the controversy it caused. The controversy stemmed principally from the fact that the newly independent Poland was not a fully democratic country with unfettered freedom of speech, but constituted instead an environment in which the ostensibly "

Red Colour of Blood"), his third collection of poems published in January 1932 expressing revolt against the prevailing standards of morality and challenging all authority, was seized by the authorities and criminal pro­ceed­ings were instituted against Łobodowski as the author.[18] Although the protracted court case ended, on appeal, with mere confiscation of all the copies of the book and no fines or imprisonment were imposed, the affair had damaging consequences for Łobodowski since — as it coincided with the commencement of his studies in the Faculty of Law of the Catholic University of Lublin in 1931 — he was promptly expelled from the university in February 1932, at the beginning of the second semester of the first year and, for good measure, blacklisted by all institutions of higher education in Poland "for the propagation of pornography and blasphemy through poetical works".[19]

Łobodowski responded defiantly by releasing another collection of poetry later the same year under the title W przeddzień ("On the Eve"), his fourth book which included the title poem "W przeddzień" (On the Eve) incorporating the following three lines addressed to the Polish dictator First Marshal Piłsudski (who had earlier called his coup d'état a "revolution", and who is referenced in the poem by name):

towarzyszu Piłsudski,
w przeddzień polskiej rewolucji
krwią wasze imię wypisujemy na tarczach...
_________________________________

Comrade Piłsudski,
on the eve of the Polish Revolution,
we inscribe your name in blood upon our armoury of battle...

(emphasis in the original).[20]

This book, which appeared towards the end of June 1932 in a print run of 100 copies, was placed under an interdict by the local authorities in Lublin on 2 July 1932; the interdict was however lifted by the decision of the Lublin district court just eleven days later.[21] The authorities evidently considered it wise to ignore the challenge this time round to avoid giving Łobodowski the benefit of extra publicity, his star having risen markedly since he had been stamped with the hallmark of a "confiscated poet" the last time. Indeed, thrust into the public spotlight with the O czerwonej krwi affair of March 1932, with his books suddenly an object of attention, Łobodowski started billing his previously released (but unsold) volume Gwiezdny psałterz as now still forthcoming in newspaper notices intended to capitalize on the newly found wave of popularity with this title, too.[22] On the other hand, the individual poem entitled "Słowo do prokuratora" (A Word to the Prosecutor), published separately in the Trybuna in March 1932, a

tout court (and was soon to be abandoned of his own accord for other forms of poetic discourse better suited to his evolving perception of human condition). Some critics have used the adjective światoburczy to describe the nature of Łobodowski's political writings, a partly jocose word whose meaning is a blend of such concepts as iconoclasm, radicalism, and dissatisfaction with the status quo (welterschütternd in German).[25]
The evidence of how seriously Łobodowski was taken as a political commentator at this time can on the other hand be illustrated by the fact that, at the age of 23, he could print opinion pieces on the first page of the premier daily newspaper of a major Polish city (the Kurjer Lubelski of Lublin) with such headlines as "What You Need is a Suicide" (a title he used in an article stressing the need for the Polish society to free itself from the old entrenched modes of thought).[26] There is evidence that Łobodowski, even at this particular period of his life, held in contempt those who — like Jerzy Putrament — admired him for his leftist leanings rather than his poetical craftsmanship.[27] Józef Czechowicz, the leading light of the Lublin avant-garde, went so far (in a private letter) as to express the opinion that Łobodowski deliberately fostered around himself an atmosphere of sensation and scandal in which to move his wings, and that not only in the political sphere but in the literary and social domains as well.[28] Despite the wide publicity his first four volumes of poetry had received, Łobodowski himself considered his output up to this point "unoriginal".[29] Łobodowski was twice the editor-in-chief of the
Sanacja system had been hijacked by other equally distasteful political groupings making the whole exercise of the political opposition moot and suspect.[30] In its so-called Fifth Phase in 1937, after his own ideological turnabout, he attempted to revive the broadsheet on Promethean lines, that is to say to make it unabashedly an organ "of the struggle to dismember the Russian–Soviet empire into its constituent parts".[31]

Turnabout in ideology and poetics

Suicide attempt

During the

court martial or other long-lasting adverse consequences for Łobodowski.[33] Łobodowski's explanation of the reasons for his suicide attempt given sub­se­quent­ly to Iłła­ko­wi­czówna and reported in her memoirs as attributable to disappointed love (presumably for Zuzanna Ginczanka) has been treated with scepticism by critical opinion since its publication in 1968. While Łobodowski avoided the subject throughout the rest of his life, a set of more complex reasons concerning the ideological turmoil he was in at the time are nowadays credited as the real cause of the dramatic act he resorted to.[34]
Following the military affair at Równe, Łobodowski moved to Warsaw in May 1934.[35]

Polemics with Wasilewska

During this period Łobodowski changed some of his political views, a fact which is signalled most dramatically in his polemical exchanges with

Soviet, Stalinist stance that she will maintain unshaken even in the face of the Soviet Union's (later) alliance with Hitler and their joint attack on Poland at the beginning of the Second World War. In an article published in 1935 in the most prestigious literary periodical in Poland at the time, the Wiadomości Literackie weekly — as part of his ongoing war of words with Wasilewska — Łobodowski made the following statement which posits self-criticism as the essential element of moral courage
, and which thus holds special significance for this period of his ideological transition and the whole rest of his life:

A distinction must be made between on the one hand a heroism of life, which consists in a determined fight [for one's ideals] and the rejection of all compromise, and on the other hand a heroism of mind that has no fear of criticism and of a continuous reappraisal of its primary assumptions. It often so happens that people who bravely go to jail for many years for their beliefs lack the courage to admit before themselves that their sacrifice may be useless — or worse, misguided, being offered in the wrong cause. In this sense many a hero or revolutionary is a retrograde intellectual coward. I doubt it whether Ms. Wasilewska — who in her novels has given us a striking example of the crudity to which facile ideologies can lead — whether she understands this distinction.

— from "The
Prophetess of Heroism", Wiadomości Literackie, 1 December 1935.[36]

New direction in poetry

Critical acclaim and wide recognition as an important voice in literature brought him the collections of poetry Rozmowa z ojczyzną ("A Conversation with the Fatherland"; 1935; 2nd ed., corr. & enl., 1936), much appreciated by

Marzanna are inspired by boredom. And where Łobodowski ends, [Czesław] Miłosz takes over...".[38] Another carping critic, Ludwik Fryde, for his part, accused Łobodowski of "actorship, playacting".[39] However, by 1937 such barbs served as a confirmation of Łobodowski's presence in the public spotlight with his firmly established fame. It has been observed that the latter works for the first time sound a note — from now on to be the characteristic theme of Łobodowski's oeuvre — of tragic pessimism which has been seen by scholars to have its source in the dramatic confrontation between the powers of élan vital and biology on the one hand, and those of culture and ideology on the other.[16] Tymon Terlecki
(1905–2000), one of the most astute Polish critics, wrote in 1937 that inasmuch as Łobodowski was difficult of classification in general he did not fit easily within the cultural parameters of any known literary tradition.

The collection Rozmowa z ojczyzną ("A Conversation with the Fatherland"), like the previous book W przeddzień ("On the Eve") of 1932, contains an engagé poem dealing with the Polish dictator First Marshal Piłsudski. Indeed, in this case, the name of Piłsudski is not merely incorporated into the body of the text but constitutes the very title of the 6-stanza, 25-line poem "Piłsudski".[40]

Marriage with Jadwiga Kuryłło

On 1 March 1938 Józef Łobodowski married Jadwiga Kuryłło at St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Lublin. Depside what Jadwiga's surname might suggest, she was born to a rooted Polish Roman Catholic family. At the time of marriage, Józef was 29 and Jadwiga 26, but they had started their relationship when Jadwiga was still in high school. They became separated when WWII broke up in 1939. Due to the postwar communist reality in Poland, which Józef Łobodowski actively opposed from abroad, they had no contact after the war. Jadwiga divorced Józef on 9 April 1950, just before she remarried. When they were together, Jadwiga participated in Józef's work. After they became separated, Jadwiga tried to preserve Józef's work that she had managed to gather, but most of that was confiscated by Germans. She donated the remaining pieces to the Lublin Museum after the war.

Relationship with Zuzanna Ginczanka

Józef Łobodowski had a relationship with a

Woman"),[42] brimming as it is with love for Ginczanka undimmed by the passage of time.[43]

Second World War

During the last few years preceding the outbreak of the

interned in various places throughout the territory of Hungary, Łobodowski ending up at first at a camp at Tapolca near Lake Balaton. His subsequent wartime peregrinations are not well known; he intended like most men of his unit to join Sikorski's Army in France, and this intention guided his actions while in Hungarian detention. After two unsuccessful attempts at escape, he finally managed to flee to Yugoslavia about a month after arriving in Hungary, eventually reaching Paris on 9 or 10 November 1939. In Paris Łobodowski encountered the Polish poets Jan Lechoń and Kazimierz Wierzyński
(who was eager to meet his younger colleague whose fame had preceded him to France), and he began to publish his poems in the émigré press there.

On the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the way of ending the War

Łobodowski's first text in prose published in Paris was the full-page political article entitled "On the Soviet–German Alliance" which appeared in March 1940 in the

British India, etc.).[47] For great wars, concluded Łobodowski, are won only when the forces of history are allowed to do the fighting for you, with the military operations serving in an ancillary and corrective role to them.[45]

Arrest in Paris

On 20 February 1940 Łobodowski, then aged 30, was arrested by the French police in Paris in circumstances that to this day have not been properly established. The event involved the confiscation of some of his personal effects, including manuscripts, during the search of his hotel room. Some of these materials have never been returned. Those materials included anticommunist propaganda leaflets apparently secretly authored by Łobodowski for the

Russian Federation to France in recent years. (It was found to contain no propaganda leaflets: only Łobodowski's poetry manuscripts and fragments were present, a circumstance explainable by the probability that the leaflets in question may form part of the as yet unopened French military archives instead.)[50]

Post-War period

While Łobodowski was a frequent victim of censorship by the

unperson" in the Eastern Bloc.[52] The blackout continued into the 1980s.[53] Łobodowski believed that in every country in which a criminal political system holds dominion all those participating in any capacity in governance are responsible to some degree for the crimes committed in its name.[8] For this reason he regarded with empirical scepticism and moral contempt such events as the Khrushchev Thaw and the Perestroika, for example, arguing that their authors, Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev respectively, had not satisfactorily explained their own complicity in the crimes of the previous Soviet régimes which they later purported to criticize as the wrongdoing of others rather than their own.[8] The great communist empire was for him a satanic domain chiefly on account of its subversion of truth as a method of survival and self-preservation (rather than because of its expansionist propensities, the chief point in Ronald Reagan's definition of the Evil empire).[8] Thus the most effective method of combating totalitarianism was the upholding of Truth and its widest possible dissemination, a view which he upheld not only in theory but in his active practice as opinion writer and translator of the dissident writers suppressed within the Soviet Union and elsewhere: Andrei Sinyavsky, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Yuli Daniel, Andrei Sakharov, and others (see Translations
). But during his life in Franco's Spain he did not make the slightest criticism of the Spanish fascist government.

Postscript

Unlike many other poets, Łobodowski was very good at reading his own poems in public, and they gained at his recitation.[54]

He was influenced by Juliusz Słowacki,[55] Henryk Sienkiewicz (prose),[56] Julian Tuwim, Kazimierz Wierzyński, Józef Czechowicz,[57] Władysław Broniewski,[58] and Stefan Żeromski.

Works

Poetry

Poetry monographs

  • Słońce przez szpary (1929)
  • Gwiezdny psałterz (1931)
  • O czerwonej krwi (1932)
  • W przeddzień (1932)
  • Rozmowa z ojczyzną (1935; 2nd ed., 1936)
  • U przyjaciół (1935)
  • Demonom nocy (1936)
  • Lubelska szopka polityczna (1937)
  • Z dymem pożarów (1941)
  • Modlitwa na wojnę (1947)
  • Rachunek sumienia (1954)
  • Uczta zadżumionych (1954)
  • Złota hramota (1954)
  • Pieśń o Ukrainie (1959; bilingual edition: text in Polish and Ukrainian)
  • Kasydy i gazele (1961)
  • Nożyce Dalili (1968)
  • Jarzmo kaudyńskie (1969)
  • Rzeka graniczna (1970)
  • W połowie wędrówki (1972)
  • Dwie książki (1984)
  • Mare Nostrum (1986)
  • Pamięci Sulamity (1987)
  • Rachunek sumienia: wybór wierszy 1940–1980 (1987)
  • Dytyramby patetyczne (1988)

Selected poetry in periodicals

  • "Modlitwa na satyrę" (A Prayer For Satire; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 1, No. 38/39 (38/39), 29 December 1946, p. 1)
  • "Serbrna śmierć" (Silver Death; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 2, No. 51/52 (90/91), 28 December 1947, p. 1)
  • "Erotyk" (Erotic Poem; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 2, No. 51/52 (90/91), 28 December 1947, p. 1)
  • "Dwie pochwały Heleny Fourment" (Two Eulogies in praise of
    Hélène Fourment
    ; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 12, No. 40 (601), 6 October 1957, p. 1)
  • "Nowe wiersze" (New Poems; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 31, No. 7 (1559), 15 February 1976, p. 1)
  • "Kolęda dla Papieża" ("A Christmas Carol for the Pope"; Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 34, No. 51/52 (1760/1761), 23–30 December 1979, p. 1)

Drama

  • Lubelska szopka polityczna (1937)

Prose

  • Por nuestra libertad y la vuestra: Polonia sigue luchando (1945)
  • Literaturas eslavas (1946)
  • Komysze (1955)
  • W stanicy (1958)
  • Droga powrotna (1960)
  • Czerwona wiosna (1965)
  • Terminatorzy rewolucji (1966)
  • Pro relihii︠u︡ bez pomazanni︠a︡: likvidatory Uniï (1972)

Selected opinion journalism

  • "Prawda i nieprawda: o literaturze proletariackiej" ("Truth and Untruth: About Proletarian Literature", Kurjer Lubelski, 3 April 1932; on the political polemics round the novel of Bruno Jasieński, Palę Paryż, "I Burn Paris", 1929)
  • "Kultura czy chamstwo" ("Culture or Caddishness?", Kurjer Lubelski, 17 October 1932; on the way the political polemics are being conducted in the Polish press)
  • "Dlaczego działalność opozycji jest szkodliwa" ("Why the Work of the Opposition is Harmful", Kurjer Lubelski, 22 October 1932; on the so-called political opposition in Poland not being a viable option for the electorate)
  • "Potrzebne jest samobójstwo" ("What You Need is a Suicide", Kurjer Lubelski, 25 October 1932; on the need for the Polish society to free itself from the old entrenched ways of thinking)
  • "Smutne porachunki" ("Settling the Sad Scores",
    apologia pro vita sua
     after the "turn" of 1934/1935)
  • "Adwokatka heroizmu" ("The Prophetess of Heroism", Wiadomości Literackie, 1 December 1935; a response to Wanda Wasilewska)
  • "Tropicielom polskości" ("To the Assayers of Polishness", Wiadomości Literackie, 13 June 1937; a response to Bolesław Miciński's review of Demonom nocy)
  • "O sojuszu sowiecko–niemieckim" ("
    Second World War
    )

Selected posthumous editions of Łobodowski's works

  • List do kraju (1989)
  • Kassandra jest niepopularna: wybór tekstów z Orła Białego z lat 1956–1980 (1990)
  • Worek Judaszów (1995)
  • Naród jest nieśmiertelny: Józef Łobodowski o Ukraińcach i Polakach (1996; bilingual edition: text in Polish and Ukrainian)

Selected translations by Łobodowski

  • Józef Łobodowski, comp. & tr., U przyjaciół, Lublin, [n.p.], 1935.
  • Sergei Yesenin, "Tęsknota w ojczyźnie" (1932; translation from Russian into Polish, published in Kurjer Lubelski of 14 October 1932, of the poem "Устал я жить в родном краю...": "I'm Tired of Living in My Land...")
  • Aleksandr Blok, Wiersze włoskie (1935; translation from Russian into Polish, jointly with Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski
    , of Итальянские стихи: "Italian Poems")
  • [Zdzisław Stahl], El crimen de Katyn a la luz de los documentos (1952; translation from Polish into Spanish of Zbrodnia katyńska w świetle dokumentów: "The Katyn Crime Against Humanity in the light of the Documents")
  • Boris Pasternak, Doktor Żywago (1959; translation from Russian into Polish of Доктор Живаго: "Doctor Zhivago", poetry sections only)
  • sc.
     Andrei Sinyavsky), Sąd idzie (1959; translation from Russian into Polish of Суд идет: "On Trial: The Soviet State versus 'Abram Tertz' and 'Nikolai Arzhak'")
  • Aleksey Remizov, Czy istnieje życie na Marsie (1961; translation from Russian into Polish of Есть ли жизнь на Марсе?: "Is There Life on Mars?")
  • sc.
     Andrei Sinyavsky), Lubimow (1961; translation from Russian into Polish of Любимов)
  • sc. Andrei Sinyavsky), Opowiesci fantastyczne (1961; translation from Russian into Polish of Фантастические повести: "Fantastic Stories
    ")
  • Yuli Daniel, Mówi Moskwa (1962; translation from Russian into Polish of Говорит Москва: "This is Moscow Speaking")
  • We własnych oczach (1963; translations from Russian into Polish in the anthology of contemporary Russian poetry, "In Their Own Eyes"; co-translator)
  • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Zagroda Matriony (1963; translation from Russian into Polish of Матрёнин двор: "Matryona's Place")
  • Andrei Sinyavsky, Myśli niespodziewane (1965; translation from Russian into Polish of Мысли врасплох: "Unguarded Thoughts")
  • Galina Serebryakova (Галина Серебрякова), Huragan (1967; translation from Russian into Polish of Смерч: "Tornado")[59]
  • Andrei Sakharov, Rozmyślania o postępie, pokojowym współistnieniu i wolności intelektualnej (1968; translation from Russian into Polish of Размышления о прогрессе, мирном сосуществовании и интеллектуальной свободе: "Thoughts on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom")
  • Ivan Koshelivets', comp.; Józef Łobodowski, tr., Ukraina 1956–1968, Paris,
    Instytut Literacki
    , 1969. (An anthology of Łobodowski's translations from Ukrainian poetry into Polish.)
  • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Oddział chorych na raka (1973; translation from Russian into Polish of Раковый корпус: "Cancer Ward")

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^ Cf.Ludmiła Siryk (see Bibliography), pp. 21, 23, 44, 46, 167, 189 & 196–201.
  2. ISBN 8322705646
    .
  3. ^ The pseudonym (consisting of his real name in Russian form, his father's first name constituting his middle name, all in Polish respelling) with which he signed his article "Tropicielom polskości" (To the Assayers of Polishness), Wiadomości Literackie (see Wiadomości Literackie) (Warsaw), vol. 14, No. 25 (711), 13 June 1937, p. 5.
  4. ^ This was the pseudonym with which Łobodowski signed the column called alternatively "Zgrzyty lubelskie" or "Zgrzyty po Lubelsku" (The Grating Noises of Lublin) which he wrote in the Kurjer Lubelski daily newspaper in 1932. Cf. The history of Kurjer Lubelski (Lublin) on the portal Ośrodek Brama Grodzka—Teatr NN of Lublin.
  5. ^ a b Cf. The oral recollections of Adam Tomanek, Józef Łobodowski's nephew, recorded by M. Nawratowicz on 22 September 2008 for the Ośrodek Brama Grodzka/Teatr NN of Lublin. (See transcript online.)
  6. ISBN 837181030X
    .
  7. ISBN 8322716575
    .
  8. ^ a b c d e Józef Łobodowski, "Towarzysz Kiszczak i inni?" (Comrade Kiszczak and the Others), Tydzień Polski (London), No. 18 (102), 30 April 1988, p. 16.
  9. id., Uczta zadżumionych, Paris, The Author and Subscribers, 1954, p. 154. The title of the poem harks back to the 1910 novel of the same name by Władysław Reymont
    .
  10. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "W obronie zasługi" (In Defence of Merit), letter to the editor, Wiadomości Literackie (see Wiadomości Literackie) (Warsaw), vol. 14, No. 32 (718), 1 August 1937, p. 8.
  11. ^ Adam Tomanek (Łobodowski's nephew), "Polski redaktor tygodnika 'Wołyń'", Monitor Wołyński, 2009.
  12. ^ So Czesław Jeśman, "W kubańskiej pustyni i puszczy" (In Kuban Desert and Wilderness), Wiadomości Literackie (London), No. 16 (524), 1956, p. 4. The title of the article, "In Kuban Desert and Wilderness", is a word play on the title of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel, In Desert and Wilderness (1911).
  13. ^ Józef Łobodowski's letter of January 1988 to Jadwiga Sawicka; quoted in: Jadwiga Sawicka, "Hellada scytyjska: Ukraina w poezji Józefa Łobodowskiego", Więź, Nos. 11–12, 1988. (See online.)
  14. ^ Irena Szypowska, "Łobodowski — poeta świadomy dziejów", Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego imienia Adama Mickiewicza, vol. 38, Łódź, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2004, p. 20.
  15. Id., "Trzy śmierci" (Three Deaths), ibid., p. 8. (See online.)
  16. ^
    ISBN 8301130288
    .
  17. ^ Cf. Irena Szypowska (see Bibliography), pp. 25–27.
  18. ^ Irena Szypowska, "Łobodowski — poeta świadomy dziejów" (Łobodowski: A Poet Cognizant of History), Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego imienia Adama Mickiewicza, vol. 38, Łódź, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2004, p. 18.
  19. ^ Józef Kruszyński (1877–1953), the notorious theoretician of antisemitism and rector of the Catholic University of Lublin (see Józef Kruszyński), wrote to all the rectors of Polish universities a letter dated 17 February 1932, which stated in part:

    I have the honour [sic] to inform you that... Józef Łobodowski, by the decision of the [University] Senate of 5 February 1932, was sent down from the University for propagating pornography and blasphemy [sic: za szerzenie pornografji i bluźnierstwa] through the poetic works published by himself, which had been confiscated by the prosecutor's deputies. (See facsimile online.)

    56 years and 8 months after the event, on 22 October 1988, a

    ISBN 8322801645
    .

  20. ISBN 8321605338
    .
  21. ^ Józef Zięba (see Bibliography), No. 6 (89), p. 4.
  22. ^ Trybuna: pismo młodej demokracji... (Lublin), vol. 1, No. 1, 1 March 1932. Łobodowski was editor-in-chief on the first five issues of the periodical.
  23. ^ Pamiętnik literacki: czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej, vol. 57, Nos. 1–2, Wrocław, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1966, p. 564.
  24. ^ Marek Zaleski (see Bibliography).
  25. ^ [Anonymous article], "Trybuna" (The Tribune), Kurjer Lubelski (Lublin), vol. 10, No. 64, 4 March 1932, p. 3.
  26. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "Potrzebne jest samobójstwo" (What You Need is a Suicide), Kurjer Lubelski (Lublin), vol. 10, No. 294, 25 October 1932, p. 1.
  27. ISBN 8385158928
    .
  28. ^ Józef Czechowicz, Listy, ed. T. Kłak, Lublin, Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1977, p. 220, n. 19.
  29. ^ Irena Szypowska, "Łobodowski — poeta świadomy dziejów", Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego imienia Adama Mickiewicza, vol. 38, Łódź, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2004, p. 19.
  30. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "Dlaczego działalność opozycji jest szkodliwa" (Why the Work of the Opposition is Harmful), Kurjer Lubelski (Lublin), vol. 10, No. 291, 22 October 1932, p. 1. (See online.)
  31. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "Fragmenty wspomnień" (Scraps of Memory), Kontakt: miesięcznik redagowany przez członków i współpracowników NSZZ Solidarność (Paris), No. 10, 1987, p. 59.
  32. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "Adwokatka heroizmu" (The Prophetess of Heroism), Wiadomości Literackie (see Wiadomości Literackie) (Warsaw), vol. 12, No. 48 (628), 1 December 1935, p. 7.
  33. id., Trazymeński zając: księga dygresji, Kraków
    , Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1968, pp. 91–93.
  34. ^ Jacek Trznadel, "O Józefie Łobodowskim", Arka (Warsaw), No. 50, 1994, pp. 104–111. Cf. Irena Szypowska, "O niepublikowanych notatnikach Józefa Łobodowskiego" (On Józef Łobodowski's Unpublished Notebooks), Eslavística Complutense (Madrid), No. 10, 2010, pp. 197–198. ISSN 1578-1763.
  35. ^ Irena Szypowska (see Bibliography), p. 56.
  36. ^ Józef Łobodowski, "Adwokatka heroizmu" (The Prophetess of Heroism), Wiadomości Literackie (see Wiadomości Literackie) (Warsaw), vol. 12, No. 48 (628), 1 December 1935, p. 7. Original text in Polish:

    Trzeba też odróżnić heroizm życiowy, polegający na bojowej niezłomności i odrzuceniu wszelkiego kompromisu, od heroizmu myśli, nie lękającej się nieustannej krytyki i rewizji własnych założeń. Często ludzie, którzy idą śmiało na wiele lat do więzienia, nie mają odwagi przyznać się przed samymi sobą, że ich poświęcenie jest bezużyteczne albo co gorsza, służy złej sprawie. W tym sensie nie jeden bohater i rewolucjonista jest intelektualnym tchórzem i wstecznikiem. Wątpię, czy p. Wasilewska, która w swoich powieściach dała jaskrawy przykład, do jakiego prostactwa dopro­wa­dzi­ła ułatwiona ideologja, zrozumie to rozróżnienie.
  37. ^ Józef Łobodowski, Demonom nocy, Warsaw, Księgarnia F. Hoesicka, 1936 (85 pp.). On the reception of the two volumes by Ginczanka, see Józef Łobodowski, Pamięci Sulamity, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 11.
  38. ^ Ignacy Fik, 20 lat literatury polskiej (1918–1938), Kraków, Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza Czytelnik, 1939, p. 84; 2nd ed., Kraków, Spółdzielnia Pracy i Użytkowników "Placówka", 1949, p. 91.
  39. ^ Życie Literackie, No. 2, 1937. Cited in: Ludwik Fryde, Wybór pism krytycznych, ed. A. Biernacki, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1966, p. 206.
  40. id., Rozmowa z ojczyzną, 2nd ed., corr. & enl., Warsaw
    , Księgarnia F. Hoesicka, 1936, p. 19.
  41. ^ Józef Łobodowski, Pamięci Sulamity, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987, p. 15.
  42. ^ Józef Łobodowski, Pamięci Sulamity, Toronto, Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 1987. (64 pp.)
  43. ISBN 8322924860
    .
  44. ^ In: Józef Łobodowski, Z dymem pożarów, Nice, Oficyna Tyszkiewicza, 1941, pp. 24–29.
  45. ^ a b Józef Łobodowski, "O sojuszu sowiecko–niemieckim" (On the Soviet–German Alliance), Wiadomości Polskie, Polityczne i Literackie (see Wiadomości Polskie, Polityczne i Literackie) (Paris), vol. 1, No. 1, 17 March 1940, p. 6. (See online.)
  46. ^ The confiscated issue was Wiadomości Literackie, vol. 16, No. 14 (806), 2 April 1939. This was replaced by another issue substituted for the same date: Wiadomości Literackie, vol. 16, No. 15 (807), 2 April 1939.
  47. ISBN 0198228880
    .
  48. ^ Józef Łobodowski, Uczta zadżumionych, Paris, The Author and Subscribers, 1954, p. 109.
  49. ^ Owing to the restrictions on the access to military records for 100 years after their creation imposed in France by the Heritage Act (Code du patrimoine), Article L 213–2.
  50. ISBN 2716802084. This invaluable source contains an appendix with transcripts (in the original French) of documents from Łobodowski's police dossier (pp. 224–233), as well as Łobodowski's personal account (incomplete) of his dramatic escape from the internment camp at Nagykanizsa in Hungary (pp. 233–235) and the two propaganda leaflets he penned for the Polish government-in-exile, the one addressed to the Ukrainian people, the other to the soldiers of the Red Army
    (pp. 222–224).
  51. ^ Michał Chmielowiec, "O wierszach Józefa Łobodowskiego i o poezji w ogóle" (On the Poems of Józef Łobodowski and About Poetry in general), Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 28, No. 8 (1404), 25 February 1973, p. 2.
  52. ISBN 8320717647
    .
  53. littérateur, recorded in conversation with M. Nawratowicz on 4 February 2009 for the Ośrodek Brama Grodzka–Teatr NN of Lublin, on the subject of his dealings with the Lublin censor's office in the context of publishing Łobodowski and other Polish poets (including the national bard of Polish literature, Adam Mickiewicz!) (See transcript online.)
  54. ^ Michał Chmielowiec, "O wierszach Józefa Łobodowskiego i o poezji w ogóle" (On the Poems of Józef Łobodowski and About Poetry in general), Wiadomości: tygodnik (London), vol. 28, No. 8 (1404), 25 February 1973, p. 1.
  55. ^ Łobodowski himself acknowledges the influence of Słowacki on his poetry in his article "Tropicielom polskości" (To the Assayers of Polishness), Wiadomości Literackie (see Wiadomości Literackie) (Warsaw), vol. 14, No. 25 (711), 13 June 1937, p. 5.
  56. ^ The writer Czesław Jeśman saw Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel In Desert and Wilderness as a model for Łobodowski's Komysze; see Czesław Jeśman, "W kubańskiej pustyni i puszczy", Wiadomości Literackie (London), No. 16 (524), 1956, p. 4.
  57. ISBN 8323306788
    .
  58. ^ Cf. e.g. the analysis of influences discernible in Łobodowski's O czerwonej krwi and Słońce przez szpary in: Słownik literatury polskiej XX wieku, ed. A. Brodzka, et al., Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1992, p. 863.
  59. ISBN 0297775960
    .

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