James Lovelock

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James Lovelock
CBE FRS
Lovelock in 2005
Born
James Ephraim Lovelock

(1919-07-26)26 July 1919
Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England
Died26 July 2022(2022-07-26) (aged 103)
Abbotsbury, Dorset, England
Alma mater
(PhD)
Known for
Spouses
Helen Hyslop
​
​
(m. 1942; died 1989)​
Sandy Orchard
​
(m. 1991)​
Children4
Awards
See list
    • Arne Naess Chair in Global Justice and the Environment (2007)[1]
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisThe properties and use of aliphatic and hydroxy carboxylic acids in aerial disinfection (1947)
Websitejameslovelock.org

James Ephraim Lovelock

CBE FRS (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022) was an English independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system.[3]

With a PhD in medicine, Lovelock began his career performing cryopreservation experiments on rodents, including successfully thawing frozen specimens. His methods were influential in the theories of cryonics (the cryopreservation of humans). He invented the electron capture detector and, using it, became the first to detect the widespread presence of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis.

In the 2000s, he proposed a method of

global warming due to the greenhouse effect. He wrote several environmental science
books based upon the Gaia hypothesis from the late 1970s.

He also worked for

James Bond films".[6]

Early life and education

James Lovelock was born in

Quaker and imbued with the notion that "God is a still, small voice within rather than some mysterious old gentleman way out in the universe", which he thought was a helpful way of thinking for inventors, but he would eventually end up as being non-religious.[10] The family moved to London, where his dislike of authority made him, by his own account, an unhappy pupil at Strand School in Tulse Hill, south London.[11]

Lovelock could not at first afford to go to university, something which he believed helped prevent him from becoming overspecialised and aided the development of Gaia theory.[12]

Career

After leaving school Lovelock worked at a photography firm, attending

Nazi atrocities and tried to enlist in the armed forces but was told that his medical research was too valuable for the enlistment to be approved.[15]

In 1948, Lovelock received a PhD degree in medicine at the

Yale, Baylor College of Medicine, and Harvard University.[2]

In the mid-1950s, Lovelock experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen and revived successfully.[17] Hamsters were frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallised into ice with no adverse effects recorded. Other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage.[18]

A lifelong inventor, Lovelock created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in its planetary exploration program. While working as a NASA consultant, Lovelock developed the Gaia hypothesis, for which he is most widely known.[19]

In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces.

Perseverance rover
, which landed in 2021.

the Science Museum
, London

Lovelock invented the

sulphur cycle,[25] Lovelock and his colleagues, Robert Jay Charlson, Meinrat Andreae and Stephen G. Warren developed the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological control of the Earth's climate.[26]

Lovelock was elected a

Green College, Oxford) from 1994.[28]

As an independent scientist, inventor, and author, Lovelock worked out of a barn-turned-laboratory he called his "experimental station" located in a wooded valley on the Devon–Cornwall border in South West England.[29]

In 1988 he made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 television programme After Dark, alongside Heathcote Williams and Petra Kelly, among others.

On 8 May 2012, he appeared on the

The Manchester Magazine. Lovelock said that he did create an instrument during his time studying causes of damage to living cells and tissue, which had, according to him, "almost everything you would expect in an ordinary microwave oven". He invented the instrument to heat frozen hamsters in a way that caused less suffering to the animals, as opposed to the traditional way, which involved putting red-hot spoons on the animals' chests to heat them. He believed that, at the time, nobody had gone that far and made an embodiment of an actual microwave oven.[30] However, he did not claim to have been the first person to have the idea of using microwaves for cooking.[13]

CFCs

Main article: Free-radical halogenation
Reconstructed time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11[31]

After developing his electron capture detector, in the late 1960s, Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of

CFC-11 over Ireland and, in a partially self-funded research expedition in 1972, went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel RRS Shackleton.[23][32] He found the gas in each of the 50 air samples that he collected but, not realising that the breakdown of CFCs in the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed a threat to the ozone layer, concluded that the level of CFCs constituted "no conceivable hazard".[32] He later stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard".[33]

However, the experiment did provide the first useful data on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused to the ozone layer by the

aerosol propellants in the late 1970s arbitrary overkill.[36]

Gaia hypothesis

Main article: Gaia hypothesis
The study of planetary habitability is partly based upon extrapolation from knowledge of the Earth's conditions, as the Earth is the only planet currently known to harbour life (The Blue Marble, 1972 Apollo 17 photograph).

Drawing from the research of

goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding,[40]
the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to sustain life.

While the hypothesis was readily accepted by many in the environmentalist community, it has not been widely accepted within the scientific community as a whole. Among its most prominent critics were the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould, a convergence of opinion among a trio whose views on other scientific matters often diverged. These (and other) critics have questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale homeostasis.[41][page needed]

In response to this, Lovelock, together with

homeostatic effect on global temperature. When energy received from the star is low, black daisies proliferate since they absorb a greater fraction of the heat, but when energy input is high, white daisies predominate since they reflect excess heat. As the white and black daisies have contrary effects on the planet's overall albedo and temperature, changes in their relative populations stabilise the planet's climate and keep the temperature within an optimal range despite fluctuations in energy from the star. Lovelock argued that Daisyworld, although a parable, illustrates how conventional natural selection operating on individual organisms can still produce planetary-scale homeostasis.[42]

Lovelock in 2005

In Lovelock's 2006 book,

consequences of climate change over the next century in this book.[43]

In his 2009 book,

survive. He expected the change to be similar to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum when the temperature of the Arctic Ocean was 23 °C.[44][45]

Nuclear power

See also:
Nuclear power and climate change

Lovelock became concerned about the threat of global warming from the

Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy.[4]

In 2005, against the backdrop of renewed

fallout from a star-sized nuclear explosion, a supernova that synthesised the elements that go to make our planet and ourselves.[49]

In The Revenge of Gaia (2006), where he put forward the concept of

nuclear waste? Will it not poison the whole biosphere and persist for millions of years?" I knew this to be a nightmare fantasy wholly without substance in the real world ... One of the striking things about places heavily contaminated by radioactive nuclides is the richness of their wildlife. This is true of the land around Chernobyl, the bomb test sites of the Pacific, and areas near the United States' Savannah River nuclear weapons plant of the Second World War. Wild plants and animals do not perceive radiation as dangerous, and any slight reduction it may cause in their lifespans is far less a hazard than is the presence of people and their pets ... I find it sad, but all too human, that there are vast bureaucracies concerned about nuclear waste, huge organisations devoted to decommissioning power stations, but nothing comparable to deal with that truly malign waste, carbon dioxide.[50]

In 2019 Lovelock said he thought difficulties in getting nuclear power going again were due to propaganda, that "the coal and oil business fight like mad to tell bad stories about nuclear", and that "the greens played along with it. There's bound to have been some corruption there – I'm sure that various green movements were paid some sums on the side to help with propaganda".[51]

Climate

Further information: Climate change

Writing in the British newspaper The Independent in 2006, Lovelock argued that, as a result of global warming, "billions of us will die and the few breeding pairs of people that survive will be in the Arctic where the climate remains tolerable" by the end of the 21st century.[52] The same year he suggested that "we have to keep in mind the awesome pace of change and realise how little time is left to act, and then each community and nation must find the best use of the resources they have to sustain civilisation for as long as they can."[52] He further predicted in 2007 that the temperature increase would leave much of the world's land uninhabitable and unsuitable for farming, with northerly migrations and new cities created in the Arctic; furthermore that much of Europe will have turned to desert and Britain will have become Europe's "life-raft" due to its stable temperature caused by being surrounded by the ocean.[53] He was quoted in The Guardian in 2008 that 80% of humans will perish by 2100, and this climate change will last 100,000 years.[54]

In a 2010 interview with The Guardian newspaper, he said that democracy might have to be "put on hold" to prevent climate change.[55] He continued:

Even the best democracies agree that when a major war approaches, democracy must be put on hold for the time being. I have a feeling that climate change may be an issue as severe as a war. It may be necessary to put democracy on hold for a while.

Statements from 2012 portrayed Lovelock as continuing his concern over global warming while at the same time criticising extremism and suggesting alternatives to oil, coal and the green solutions he did not support.[43]

In a 2012 interview aired on MSNBC, Lovelock stated that he had been "alarmist", using the words "All right, I made a mistake," about the timing of climate change and noted the documentary An Inconvenient Truth and the book The Weather Makers as examples of the same kind of alarmism. Lovelock still believed the climate to be warming, although not at the rate of change he once thought; he admitted that he had been "extrapolating too far." He believed that climate change is still happening, but it will be felt further in the future.[43] Of the claims "the science is settled" on global warming, he stated:[56]

One thing that being a scientist has taught me is that you can never be certain about anything. You never know the truth. You can only approach it and hope to get a bit nearer to it each time. You iterate towards the truth. You don't know it.[56]

He criticised environmentalists for treating global warming like a religion.[56]

It just so happens that the green religion is now taking over from the Christian religion.

I don't think people have noticed that, but it's got all the sort of terms that religions use ... The greens use guilt. That just shows how religious greens are. You can't win people round by saying they are guilty for putting (carbon dioxide) in the air.[56]

In this 2012 MSNBC article, Lovelock is quoted as saying:[43]

The problem is we don't know what the climate is doing. We thought we knew 20 years ago. That led to some alarmist books – mine included – because it looked clear-cut, but it hasn't happened.

The climate is doing its usual tricks. There's nothing much really happening yet. We were supposed to be halfway toward a frying world now.

The world has not warmed up very much since the millennium. Twelve years is a reasonable time ... it (the temperature) has stayed almost constant, whereas it should have been rising – carbon dioxide is rising, no question about that.[43]

In a follow-up interview also in 2012, Lovelock stated his support for natural gas; he favoured fracking as a low-polluting alternative to coal.[29][56] He opposed the concept of "sustainable development", where modern economies might be powered by wind turbines, calling it meaningless drivel.[56][57] He kept a poster of a wind turbine to remind himself how much he detested them.[29]

In Novacene (2019), Lovelock proposed that benevolent superintelligence may take over and save the ecosystem and stated that the machines would need to keep organic life around to keep the planet's temperature habitable for electronic life.[58] On the other hand, if instead life becomes entirely electronic, "so be it: we played our part and newer, younger actors are already appearing on stage".[59][page needed]

Ocean fertilisation

In 2007, Lovelock and

export of organic carbon (as marine snow) to the deep ocean. A scheme similar to that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley was later developed independently by a commercial company.[61]

The proposal attracted widespread media attention[62][63][64][65] and criticism.[66][67][68] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Quéré, a University of East Anglia researcher, said "It doesn't make sense. There is absolutely no evidence that climate engineering options work or even go in the right direction. I'm astonished that they published this. Before any geoengineering is put to work a massive amount of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years".[62] Other researchers claimed that "this scheme would bring water with high natural pCO2 levels (associated with the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing exhalation of CO2".[68] Lovelock subsequently said that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest and that research would be the next step,[69] and several research studies were published in the wake of the original proposal.[70][71] However, these estimated that the scheme would require a huge number of pipes,[70] and that the main effect of the pipes may be on the land rather than in the ocean.[71]

Sustainable retreat

See also: Climate change adaptation

Sustainable retreat is a concept developed by Lovelock to define the necessary changes to human settlement and dwelling at the global scale to adapt to global warming and prevent its expected negative consequences on humans.[72][page needed]

Lovelock thought the time was past for sustainable development and that we had come to a time when development is no longer

sustainable. Therefore, we needed to retreat. Lovelock stated the following to explain the concept:[73]

Retreat, in his view, means it's time to start talking about changing where we live and how we get our food; about making plans for the migration of millions of people from low-lying regions like Bangladesh into Europe; about admitting that New Orleans

is a goner and moving the people to cities better positioned for the future. Most of all, he says, it's about everybody "absolutely doing their utmost to sustain civilization, so that it doesn't degenerate into Dark Ages, with warlords running things, which is a real danger. We could lose everything that way."

The concept of sustainable retreat emphasises a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs with lower levels or less environmentally harmful types of resources.[74]

Prizes and other honours

Lovelock was

solutes; methods of freezing and thawing small live animals; methods for preparing sperm for artificial insemination
, which have been of major economic importance.

He has invented a family of

ionisation detectors for gas chromatography
. His electron capture detectors are the most sensitive that have been made and are universally used on pollution problems for residual halogen compounds. He has many inventions, including a gas chromatograph, which will be used to investigate planetary atmospheres. His chromatographic work has led to investigation of blood lipids in various animals, including
arteriosclerotic
humans. He has made a study of detecting life on other planets by analysis of their atmosphere and extended this to world pollution problems.

His work generally shows remarkable originality, simplicity and ingenuity.[27]

Lovelock was awarded a number of prestigious prizes, including the Tswett Medal for Chromatography (1975),

Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to Global Environmental Science in the 2003 New Year Honours.[77][78]

Honours

Commonwealth honours

Country Date Appointment Post-nominal letters
United Kingdom 1990–
Commander of the Order of the British Empire[79]
 CBE
United Kingdom 2003–
Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour[80]
 CH

Scholastic

University degrees
Location Date School Degree
England 1941 Victoria University of Manchester Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Chemistry[81]
England 1948 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Medicine[81]
England 1959 University of London Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Biophysics[75]
Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships
Location Date School Position
US 1954– Harvard University Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine[75]
US 1958–1959 Yale School of Medicine Visiting Scientist[75]
England 1994– Green Templeton College, Oxford Senior Visiting Research Fellow[82]
Honorary degrees
Location Date School Degree Status
England 1982 University of East Anglia Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
England 1988 University of Exeter Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)[83]
England 1988
Plymouth Polytechnic
 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
Sweden 1991 Stockholm University Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
Scotland 1993 University of Edinburgh Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
England 18 May 1996 University of Kent Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
US 1997 University of Colorado Boulder Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[84]

Memberships and fellowships

Location Date Organisation Position
United Kingdom 1974– Royal Society Fellow (FRS)[85]
United Kingdom 1986–1990 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom President[86]
United Kingdom 2014– Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Honorary Fellow (Hon FMBA)[86]

Personal life

Lovelock married Helen Hyslop in 1942. They had four children and remained married until her death in 1989 from multiple sclerosis.[14][9][87] He first met his second wife, Sandy, at the age of 69.[88] Lovelock stated of their relationship: "... you would find the life of me and my wife Sandy to be an unusually happy one in simple beautiful but unpretentious surroundings."[89]

Lovelock turned 100 in July 2019.[90] He died at his home in Abbotsbury, Dorset,[7] on his 103rd birthday in 2022,[81] of complications related to a fall.[91]

Portraits

Environment Triptych (2008)

In March 2012, the National Portrait Gallery[92] unveiled a new portrait of Lovelock by British artist Michael Gaskell, which was completed in 2011. The collection also has two photographic portraits by Nick Sinclair (1993) and Paul Tozer (1994).[92] The archive of the Royal Society of Arts has a 2009 image taken by Anne-Katrin Purkiss.[93] Lovelock agreed to sit for sculptor Jon Edgar in Devon during 2007, as part of the Environment Triptych (2008)[94][page needed] along with heads of Mary Midgley and Richard Mabey. A bronze head is in the collection of the sitter, and the terracotta is in the artist's archive.[95]

Published works

See also

References

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  92. ^ a b "James Ephraim Lovelock". London: National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  93. ^ "James Lovelock by Anne Purkiss". The RSA. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2012 – via Flickr.
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  95. ^ "James Lovelock". Jon Edgar. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

Further reading

External links

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