Exposition Universelle (1878)
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1878 Melbourne International Exhibition (1880) in Melbourne |
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The Exposition Universelle of 1878 (French pronunciation: [ɛkspozisjɔ̃ ynivɛʁsɛl]), better known in English as the 1878 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 1 May to 10 November 1878, to celebrate the recovery of France after the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. It was the third of ten major expositions held in the city between 1855 and 1937.[a]
Construction
The buildings and the fairgrounds were somewhat unfinished on opening day, as political complications had prevented the French government from paying much attention to the exhibition until six months before it was due to open. However, efforts made in April were prodigious, and by 1 June, a month after the formal opening, the exhibition was finally completed.
This exposition was on a far larger scale than any previously held anywhere in the world. It covered over 66 acres (270,000 m2), the main building in the
, a Kansas newspaper editor, as well as other generals, politicians, and celebrities.The United Kingdom,
Views of the Exposition
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Aerial view of the Exposition Universelle of 1878
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Bird's eye view of thePalais du Trocadéro
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Interior of the Palais de l'Industrie
Displays
The exhibition of fine arts and new machinery was on a very large and comprehensive scale, and the Avenue des Nations, a street 730 metres in length, was devoted to examples of the domestic architecture of nearly every country in Europe and several in Asia, Africa and America. The "Gallery of Machines" was a metallic building, an industrial showcase of low transverse arches, designed by the engineer
On the northern bank of the
Among the many inventions on display was
Awards
- Gold award for painting: Union of Lublin and Wacław Wilczek.
- Gold award for photography: Aimé Dupont
- Gold award for playing cards: New York Consolidated Card Company[6][7]
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Monoplanewas displayed at the 1878 Exposition Universelle.
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The completed head of the Statue of Liberty was showcased.
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Monumental conical clock by Eugène Farcot at the hall of the Galerie d'Iéna of the Palais du Champ-de-Mars
Attendance
Over 13 million people paid to attend the exposition, making it a financial success. The cost of the enterprise to the French government, which supplied all the construction and operating funds, was a little less than a million British Pounds, after allowing for the value of the permanent buildings and the Trocadéro Palace, which were sold to the city of Paris. The total number of persons who visited Paris during the time the exhibition was open was 571,792, or 308,974 more than came to the French metropolis during 1877, and 46,021 in excess of the visitors during the previous exhibition of 1867. In addition to the general impetus given to French trade, the revenue from customs and duties from the foreign visitors increased by nearly three million sterling compared with the previous year.
Concurrent with the exposition, a number of meetings and conferences were held to gain consensus on international standards. French writer Victor Hugo led the Congress for the Protection of Literary Property, which led to the eventual formulation of international copyright laws. Similarly, other meetings led to efforts to standardize the flow of mail from country to country. The International Congress for the Amelioration of the Condition of Blind People led to the worldwide adoption of the Braille System of touch-reading.
In popular culture
- Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau's time travel novel El Anacronópete starts with a lecture in the exposition.
- Eoin Colfer's novel Airman begins with its protagonists (Conor Broekhart) birth at the exposition.
Artefacts
The Paris firm of Gruel and Engelmann was known for its deluxe bookbindings. The Book of Hours is a
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Souvenir ribbon from the exhibition
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Panorama of Paris
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Binding for a Book of Hours
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Japanese incense container
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Simyan vase
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Fountain made in 1877 shown at the exhibition
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Japanese incense container
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Europe byAlexandre Schoenewerk
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Asia by Alexandre Falguière
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Oceania by Mathurin Moreau
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South America by Aimé Millet
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Elephant byEmmanuel Fremiet
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Horse by Pierre Louis Rouillard
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Bull in Parc Georges-Brassens by Isidore Bonheur
See also
Footnotes
- ^ This includes six world expositions (in 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 and 1937), two specialized expositions (in 1881 and 1925) and two colonial expositions (in 1907 and 1931).
References
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 807.
- ^ Koch, Georg (2015). "Charles-Marie Widor / Symphonie VI / op. 42/2" (PDF). Carus-Verlag. pp. VI–VIII. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ David Oakes Woodbury (1949). A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston. McGraw-Hill. p. 83. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ "Mouchot solar engine". hotairengines.org.
- ^ Hipkins, Alfred James; Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. . In
- ^ "My New York Consolidated Card Company (NYCC) Jokers".
- ^ "New York Consolidated Card Company".
- ^ Base Palissy: Statue : Amphitrite, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
Further reading
- Grapard, Ulla (2003). "Trading Bodies, Trade in Bodies: The 1878 Paris World Exhibition as Economic Discourse". In Zein-Elabdin, Eiman O.; Charusheela, S. (eds.). Postcolonialism meets Economics. Routledge. pp. 91–112. ISBN 0-415-28726-X.
External links
Exposition Universelle.
- Official website of the BIE
- L'Exposition universelle de 1878 illustrée : publication internationale autorisée par la Commission in BnF.