John Coape Sherbrooke

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Sir

John Coape Sherbrooke
The Halifax Club
Born29 April 1764
Oxton, Nottinghamshire
Died14 February 1830 (aged 65)
Calverton, Nottinghamshire
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branchBritish Army
Years of service1780-1818
RankGeneral
Battles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War

French Revolutionary War

Napoleonic Wars

War of 1812

Awards
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Spouse(s)Katherina Pyndar (m. 1811-1830)

Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia in 1811. During the War of 1812, his policies and victory in the conquest of present-day Maine, renaming it the colony of New Ireland
, led to significant prosperity in Nova Scotia.

Early life

John Coape Sherbrooke was born in Oxton, Nottinghamshire, on 29 April 1764, the third son of the wealthy country squire William Coape JP and his wife Sarah Sherbrooke.[1][2] The surname comes from Shirebrook, Derbyshire. Upon his marriage Sherbrooke's father had taken his wife's surname as his own.[3]

Army career

Early career

Sherbrooke joined the

French Revolutionary War began in 1793 Sherbrooke was still a captain but was quickly promoted twice so that by the end of May 1794 he was a lieutenant colonel in the 33rd and second in command to Colonel Arthur Wellesley. Under Wellesley he fought in the Flanders Campaign between March 1793 and April 1795, as a part of which he fought at the Battle of Boxtel on 13 September 1794 before participating in the retreat towards north-west Germany at the end of the year.[1]

After an attempt to join the

half pay.[6]

The Peace ended in May 1803 with the start of the

major general on 1 January 1805 and served under Wellesley in the Hanover Expedition between 8 November and 15 February.[6] In June he was transferred to Sicily where he served as a subordinate to Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore and commanded at Messina; most of the troops (and Moore) were withdrawn from Sicily in October 1807, leaving Sherbrooke in command of British interests on the island.[6][3] In February he had also became colonel of the Royal Sicilian Regiment.[2] While the court of King Ferdinand urged Sherbrooke to make offensive manoeuvres towards mainland Italy with his troops, he instead began to improve Sicily's defences and prepare for a possible French invasion. He left the island in June 1808, having been superseded by Lieutenant-General Sir John Stuart.[6]

Peninsular War

Sherbrooke was next given command of 4,000 men to assist Spanish patriots in

68th Regiment of Foot.[3] With his division Sherbrooke fought at the Battle of Talavera in July where he successfully fought off the attacks of the French infantry but then lost control of three of his brigades in the subsequent charge, leaving a dangerous gap in the British line.[6]

At Talavera, Sherbrooke's 1st Division included four brigades:

48th Foot. Sherbrooke's routed troops quickly rallied behind the reinforcements and, after an extended exchange of musketry, the French counterattack was defeated. Losses were ghastly on both sides. Sebastiani's division suffered 2,100 casualties[11] out of 8,000[12] while Lapisse's division lost 1,700 men out of 6,800, including Lapisse killed. In Sherbrooke's division, Langwerth was killed and his brigade reduced to 650 men, Löw's brigade lost 350 men, Cameron's brigade lost 500 men, and the Guards sustained 611 casualties. Mackenzie was killed and his brigade lost 632 men.[11]

Sherbrooke commanded the 1st Division through the retreat to Portugal, where he threatened to hang his commissary officer if he did not provide the required food for his division, and for his service at Porto and Talavera was appointed a

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in September.[13][3] A recurrence of Sherbrooke's malaria forced him to resign his command on 26 April 1810 and he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia on 19 August 1811.[13]

War of 1812

Sherbrooke arrived at Halifax on 16 October 1811, as military commander of the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda. The area of command was referred to as the Halifax Command or Nova Scotia Command.[14]

When the War of 1812 began Sherbrooke initially fought a phoney war, allowing trade to continue with Maine to the benefit of British merchants.[13] Having complained at the lack of defences available to protect the colony and that the extant fortifications were dilapidated, he mounted guns at harbour entrances across the colony and placed the militias in a state of readiness to repel attacks. Sherbrooke's tactic of informally continuing trade with the neighbouring American states while still making sure that his own territory was amply protected provided an opportunity for the Atlantic-facing provinces of Canada to enhance their place in international trade; they were able to flourish at a time when other areas were stifled by war.[2]

When the Napoleonic Wars ended in April 1814 more troops were made available for North America; Sherbrooke used this opportunity to attack the disputed area of

royal colony of New Ireland. Sherbrooke was able to collect customs dues while he occupied Castine, and these funds were in later years used to finance the Cambridge Military Library in Halifax and to create Dalhousie College.[2] New Ireland remained under the control of Britain until April 1815, although Sherbrooke himself only stayed there for four weeks, when the Treaty of Ghent restored it to the United States.[16][3] For his service during the war he was elevated to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.[3]

While the majority of Sherbrooke's tenure as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia was spent concentrating on the war, he also made a significant effort to increase support for the Church of England, as most of the population were dissenters. While largescale changes were voted down by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, he provided small sums of money for the Church via taxation and allotted undeveloped land to it for the construction of religious buildings. At the same time Sherbrooke was aware that his support of the Church was not popular and so he held a careful balance between the two religious factions, ensuring for example that religious appointments were taken up by moderates and not zealots.[16]

British North America

His active defence of the colony during the

Francophone and English political factions; he formed a good relationship with the leader of the Francophone faction, Bishop Joseph-Octave Plessis, but at the same time cemented the position of the Chief Justice of Lower Canada Jonathan Sewell although Plessis' faction had impeached him.[16] Similarly, he won the confidence of Louis-Joseph Papineau by providing him with a permanent salary but made sure to not show favour by doing the same for Sewell.[2][16]

Retirement and death

Sherbrooke continued to work actively into 1817, concentrating on reforming the colony's public finances, but once again was set back by his failing health. He found that the cold Canadian winters helped bring on recurrences of his malaria, and also suffered a paralytic

stroke on 6 February 1818.[18][3] He handed over his duties to Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond on 30 July and sailed for home.[2] He reached England in September and spent much time recuperating at the spas of Bath and Cheltenham while living at Calverton in Nottinghamshire. He was promoted to general on 27 May 1825 and died at Calverton on 14 February 1830.[18]

Family

Sherbrooke married Katherina (died 15 May 1856), the daughter of Reginald Pyndar, rector of Madresfield, on 24 August 1811 at Areley Kings.[3] They had no children.[13][2]

Personality and legacy

Sherbrooke was well-known for his short temper and abrasive language, with Wellington noting that he was the most passionate man he had ever met.[13] Henry Edward Bunbury said of him that:

"the brigade he commanded winced a little under the sharpness of his discipline, while they revenged themselves by comical stories of his rough sayings and impetuous temper...A short, square, hardy little man, with a countenance that told at once the determined fortitude of his nature. Without genius, without education, hot as pepper, and rough in his language, but with a warm heart and generous feelings; true, straight forward, scorning finesse and craft and meanness, and giving vent to his detestation with boiling eagerness, and in the plainest terms. As an officer, full of energy, rousing others to exertion, and indefatigable in his own person."[13][2]

While he resided in Nova Scotia, his home was at Birch Cove on Bedford Basin, near Halifax.[19] Named Sherwood, it eventually lent its name to the neighbourhoods of Sherwood Park and Sherwood Heights. The community of Sherbrooke, Nova Scotia also bears his name.[20] Other honorific eponyms are listed below:[20][21][22][23]

Geographic locations
Buildings
Vessels

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, p. 113.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burroughs, "Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape".
  4. ^ "No. 12146". The London Gazette. 19 December 1780. p. 2.
  5. ^ Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, pp. 113-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, p. 114.
  7. ^ "No. 15600". The London Gazette. 9 July 1803. p. 833.
  8. ^ Oman 1995, p. 645.
  9. ^ Oman 1995, p. 523.
  10. ^ Oman 1995, pp. 538–539.
  11. ^ a b Oman 1995, pp. 540–543.
  12. ^ Oman 1995, p. 530.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, p. 115.
  14. ^ "Staff of The Army the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda". The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1813. Quebec: J. Neilson. 1812.
  15. ^ Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, pp. 115-6.
  16. ^ a b c d Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, p. 116.
  17. ^ "GOVERNOR". THE QUEBEC ALMANAC; AND BRITISH AMERICAN ROYAL CALENDAR, For the Year 1818. Quebec: J. Neilson. 1817.
  18. ^ a b Heathcote, Wellington's Peninsular War Generals, p. 117.
  19. ^ Dawson, The Mapmaker's Legacy, pp. 44-5.
  20. ^ a b "Place-Names and Places of Nova Scotia; Sherbrooke". Nova Scotia Archives. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  21. ^ "William Ross & His Settlement". History of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Place-Names and Places of Nova Scotia; New Ross". Nova Scotia Archives. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  23. ^ "Sherbrooke". The Canadian Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 5 August 2021.

References

External links
Political offices
Preceded by
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia

1811–1816 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor General of British North America
1816–1818 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by Colonel of the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)
1809–1813 		Succeeded by
Sir Henry Warde
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