Jungle bush quail

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Jungle bush quail
Male
Female

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Perdicula
Species:
P. asiatica
Binomial name
Perdicula asiatica
(Latham, 1790)
Synonyms

The jungle bush quail (Perdicula asiatica) is a

peninsular India and Sri Lanka. It has also been reported from Nepal but has not been seen there since the 19th century, and an introduced population exists on the island of Réunion. A small species of quail 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) long and weighing 57–82 g (2.0–2.9 oz), it shows significant sexual dimorphism. Males have brown upperparts with blackish and buff marking and whitish underparts with black barring. The face is mainly dark reddish-brown, with brown ear-coverts, a buffy-white moustachial stripe, and the supercilium
turning whitish towards the back of the neck. Females have a similar pattern, but with pinkish-brown underparts, more uniform wings, and duller moustachial stripes.

The species inhabits dry areas with shrubby or rocky cover in a variety of habitats. It feeds on seeds and small insects, typically in small groups of 6–25 birds. Breeding starts at the end of the rains and lasts until the end of the cold season, with the exact timing varying across its range. It nests in shallow scrapes in cover and lays clutches of 4–8 eggs. Incubation is only done by the female. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the jungle bush quail to be of least concern due to its large range and stable population.

Taxonomy and systematics

The jungle bush quail was originally

specific epithet asiatica comes from the Latin asiaticus, meaning Asiatic.[4] Jungle bush quail is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union.[5] Other names for the species include jungle quail, jungle bush-quail, jungle bushquail, Ceylon jungle bush quail, and Konkan jungle bush quail.[6]

Subspecies

There are five recognised subspecies of the jungle bush quail:[5]

  • P. a. asiatica (
    nominate subspecies, it is found in north and central India.[5]
  • P. a. vidali Whistler & Kinnear, 1936: Found in southwest India, it has more reddish upperparts than the nominate subspecies, especially on the top of the head, and has broader barring on the underparts in males.[7]
  • P. a. ceylonensis Whistler & Kinnear, 1936: Found on Sri Lanka. Its upperparts and throat are much darker than those of other subspecies and its underparts contrast less strongly with the upperparts.[7]
  • P. a. punjaubi Whistler, 1939: Also known as the Punjab jungle bush quail, it is found in northwestern India. It is paler than the nominate subspecies, with sandier upperparts with less noticeable black markings.[7]
  • P. a. vellorei Abdulali & Reuben, 1965: Found in south India.[5]

Description

Jungle bush quails are a small species of quail, 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) long and weighing 57–82 g (2.0–2.9 oz). Adult males have a dull brown

mottling, while the ear-coverts are dark brown. The chin and throat are also dark reddish-brown and are separated from the ear-coverts by a buffy-white moustachial stripe.[7]

The species shows significant sexual dimorphism, with females having dull pinkish-brown underparts, more uniform and less barred wings with less blotching, and duller moustachial stripes. Some older females may develop pale barring on the breast. Juveniles are similar to the female, but have whitish streaks on the side of the head, throat, and breast. The upperparts have more markings and the primaries are mottled and barred. Males develop barring on the underparts during their first winter, around the age of three months. The bill is blackish in adult males and dull brownish-grey in all other plumages. The legs are pinkish to dull red and are reddest in males. The iris is pale to orange brown.[7]

The jungle bush quail is unlikely to be confused with

Turnix or Coturnix quails, but it may mistaken for the rock bush quail. The latter species is less sexually dimorphic and differs in the pattern of the eyestripe, which is shorter and whiter, and the throat, which is reddish-white with a white moustachial stripe.[7][8]

Vocalisations

The

alarm call.[7][8]

Distribution and habitat

The jungle bush quail is native to the

locally extinct on the latter island.[7][8][9]

It inhabits dry areas with

deciduous forests. It is found at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft), but at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the Western Ghats and southern India. It is generally non-migratory, but is possibly a migrant in Nepal.[7][8]

Behaviour and ecology

The jungle bush quail is typically seen in groups of 6–25 birds (called coveys) while

Roosting occurs on the ground.[7][8]

Diet

brownish quail chick with black mottling and white stripe on the face
A jungle bush quail chick
five white eggs on a black background
Eggs in the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden

The jungle bush quail feeds on seeds, such as those of grass, weeds, gram, and millets, along with small insects like termites and their larvae.[8][7]

Breeding

The breeding season of the jungle bush quail starts with the end of the rains and lasts until the end of the cold season, with the exact period varying: from January to March in Karnataka, from October to March in the Deccan plateau, from August to April in central India, and from March to April in eastern central India and Sri Lanka. In Réunion, breeding occurs in November.[7][8]

The species is seemingly monogamous. Nests are shallow grass-lined scrapes located in cover at the base of grass. Clutches can contain 4–8 eggs, but usually have 5–6. The eggs are creamy white to pale buff, and measure 24 mm–28.4 mm × 18.4 mm–22 mm (0.94 in–1.12 in × 0.72 in–0.87 in). Incubation takes 16–18 days in the wild and 21–22 days in captivity, and is done only by the female. After the eggs hatch, the male helps guard and raise the chicks.[7][8]

Parasites and pathogens

The jungle bush quail has been observed being

fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata in April.[11]

In research

The jungle bush quail has been used in experiments on the effect of

immunity and reproduction,[12][13] the effect of the environment on the pineal gland, adrenal glands, and gonads,[14] daily variation in the melatonin and androgen receptors during the breeding season,[15] and immunity associated with the lungs.[11]

Status

The jungle bush quail is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and stable population.[1] It is generally common throughout India, although it is reported to be uncommon in Kerala, and locally in extinct in parts of Gujarat and in Uttara Kannada, Karnataka. In Sri Lanka, it was reportedly common until the 1950s, but is now only locally plentiful in the hills of the Uva Province. It has not been reported from Nepal since the 19th century, and reports from there and Cachar in Assam may be erroneous. The introduced population on Réunion is declining but still locally common, while the one on Mauritius is extinct.[7][8] The jungle bush quail is hunted for food in rural regions.[15]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678997A131873750.en
    . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Latham, John (1790). Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae : complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates : adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c (in Latin). Vol. 2. London. pp. 649–650.
  3. ^ Cottrell, G. William; Greenway, James C.; Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A.; Peters, James Lee; Traylor, Melvin A. (1934). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 97.
  4. ISBN 978-1-4081-3326-2
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  6. ^ "Perdicula asiatica (Jungle Bush-Quail)". Avibase. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4081-3565-5
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 241087863
    . Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  9. OCLC 70122838
    .
  10. ^ Kumari, M. S. S. (2017). "The activity of transaminases in Primasubulura alata (Nematode) parasitizing in Perdicula asiatica" (PDF). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 4 (3): 116–118.
  11. ^
    ISSN 1570-7555
    .
  12. PMID 17257874
    .
  13. PMID 15804509
    .
  14. PMID 11290461
    .
  15. ^
    PMID 21963392
    .
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