Phasianidae
Phasianidae | |
---|---|
Diversity of Phasianidae. 1st row (Rollulinae): crested partridge, red-billed partridge, ferruginous partridge; | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Galliformes |
Superfamily: | Phasianoidea |
Family: | Phasianidae Horsfield, 1821 |
Type genus | |
Phasianus | |
Subfamilies | |
Synonyms | |
Gallidae |
The Phasianidae are a
Description
Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from 43 g (1.5 oz) in the case of the king quail to 6 kg (13 lb) in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than 17 kg (37 lb). Length in this taxonomic family can vary from 12.5 cm (4.9 in) in the king quail up to 300 cm (120 in) (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds.[1][2] Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests.[citation needed]
Distribution and habitat
The Phasianidae are mostly an
Overall,
The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl, domestic chickens, and turkeys have also escaped or been released and became feral.
Behaviour and ecology
The phasianids have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.
In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in
Relationship with humans
The
Systematics and evolution
The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera.[3] This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.
Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two
The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.[8]
Recent genera
Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball et al., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.[6][9][10][11]
- Subfamily Rollulinae
- Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
- CaloperdixBlyth, 1861 (ferruginous partridge)
- RollulusBonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
- MelanoperdixJerdon, 1864 (black partridge)
- Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
- Subfamily Phasianinae
- Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
- LerwaHodgson, 1837 (snow partridge)
- IthaginisWagler, 1832 (blood pheasant)
- Tribe Lophophorini
- Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
- Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
- LophophorusTemminck, 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
- PucrasiaGray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
- Tribe Tetraonini
- MeleagrisLinnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
- BonasaStephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
- Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
- Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 (sage-grouse)
- Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
- Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
- Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
- FalcipennisElliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
- Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
- Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
- Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
- Rhizothera Gray, 1841 (long-billed partridges)
- Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
- Tribe Phasianini
- Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
- Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
- Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
- Catreus Cabanis, 1851 (cheer pheasant)
- CrossoptilonHodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
- LophuraFleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
- Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade"
- Tribe Pavonini
- RheinardiaMaingonnat, 1882 (crested arguses)
- ArgusianusRafinesque, 1815 (great argus)
- AfropavoChapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
- PavoLinnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
- PolyplectronTemminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
- Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
- Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859 (chestnut-necklaced and green-legged partridges)
- HaematortyxSharpe, 1879 (crimson-headed partridge)
- Tribe Gallini
- BambusicolaGould, 1863 (bamboo partridges)
- GallusBrisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
- PeliperdixBonaparte, 1856 (Latham's francolin)
- Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852 (certain francolins)
- Francolinus Stephens, 1819 (certain francolins)
- Campocolinus Crowe et al., 2020 (certain francolins)
- Scleroptila Blyth, 1852 (certain francolins)
- Tribe Coturnicini
- Tetraogallus Gray, 1832 (snowcocks)
- Ammoperdix Gould, 1851 (sand and see-see partridges)
- Synoicus Bosc, 1792 (certain quails)
- MargaroperdixReichenbach, 1853 (Madagascar partridge)
- Coturnix Garsault, 1764 (typical Old World quails)
- Alectoris Kaup, 1829 (rock partridges)
- Perdicula Hodgson, 1837 (bush-quails)
- OphrysiaBonaparte, 1856 (Himalayan quail)
- Pternistis Wagler, 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
- Tribe Pavonini
- Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
Past taxonomy
This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.[12]
- Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield, 1821
- Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
- CaloperdixBlyth, 1861
- RollulusBonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
- MelanoperdixJerdon, 1864
- Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
- Rhizothera Gray, 1841
- LerwaHodgson, 1837
- Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859
- Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
- Synoicus Bosc 1792
- MargaroperdixReichenbach 1853
- Coturnix Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails)
- Tetraogallus Gray1832 (snowcocks)
- Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
- Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
- OphrysiaBonaparte 1856
- Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails)
- BambusicolaGould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
- Scleroptila Blyth 1852
- PeliperdixBonaparte 1856
- Francolinus Stephens 1819 (true francolins)
- Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852
- Campocolinus Crowe et al 2020
- Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
- HaematortyxSharpe, 1879
- Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
- Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
- Subfamily Meleagridinae
- MeleagrisLinnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
- Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans)
- PolyplectronTemminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
- GallusBrisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
- IthaginisWagler, 1832
- PucrasiaGray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
- Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
- LophophorusTemminck, 1813 non Agassiz, 1846 (monals)
- RheinardiaMaingonnat 1882
- ArgusianusRafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants)
- AfropavoChapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
- PavoLinnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
- Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
- Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
- Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
- LophuraFleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
- Catreus Cabanis, 1851
- CrossoptilonHodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
- Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse)
- BonasaStephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
- Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
- Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
- Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
- Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
- Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
- FalcipennisElliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
- Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
- Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
- Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
Fossil genera
Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[13] and Paleofile.com websites.[14]
- †Alectoris” pliocaena Tugarinov, 1940
- †Bantamyx Kuročkin, 1982
- †Centuriavis Ksepka, Early, Dzikiewicz & Balanoff, 2022[15]
- †Diangallus Hou, 1985
- †“Gallus” beremendensis Jánossy, 1976
- †“Gallus” europaeus Harrison, 1978
- †Lophogallus Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2010
- †Megalocoturnix Sánchez Marco, 2009
- †Miophasianus Brodkorb, 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933]
- †Palaeocryptonyx Depéret, 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy, 1974 ]
- †Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards, 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards, 1869]
- †Panraogallus Li et al., 2018
- †Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 [Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939]
- †Rustaviornis Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze, 1972
- †Schaubortyx Brodkorb, 1964
- †Shandongornis Yeh, 1997
- †Shanxiornis Wang et al., 2006
- †Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2009
- Tribe Tetraonini (grouse)
- †Palaealectoris Wetmore, 1930
- †Proagriocharis Martin & Tate, 1970
- †Rhegminornis Wetmore, 1943
Phylogeny
Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking
Phasianidae |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
- ^ Harper, D. 1986. Pet Birds for Home and Garden. London: Salamander Books Ltd.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c
Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. PMID 10082609.
- ^ a b
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. PMID 24795852.
- ^
Mayr, G.; Poshmann, M.; Wuttke, M. (2006). "A nearly complete skeleton of the fossil galliform bird Palaeortyx from the late Oligocene of Germany". Acta Ornithologica. 41 (2): 129–135. S2CID 73586654.
- S2CID 231963063.
- ^ "Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ "H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics". www.aviansystematics.org. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "02 → Gᴀʟʟᴏᴀɴsᴇʀᴀᴇ : Gᴀʟʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Aves [Avialae]– basal birds". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- S2CID 253033983.
- PMID 34809586.
External links
- Phasianidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Phasianidae at Curlie