Phasianidae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Phasianidae
Temporal range:
Ma
Crested partridgeRed-billed partridgeFerruginous partridgeSri Lankan junglefowlIndian peafowlHarlequin quailCommon pheasantWild turkeyWestern capercaillie
Diversity of Phasianidae.

1st row (Rollulinae): crested partridge, red-billed partridge, ferruginous partridge;
2nd row (Phasianinae "non-erectile clade"): Sri Lankan junglefowl, Indian peafowl, harlequin quail;
3rd row (Phasianinae "erectile clade"): common pheasant, wild turkey, western capercaillie.

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Superfamily: Phasianoidea
Family: Phasianidae
Horsfield, 1821
Type genus
Phasianus
Subfamilies

Rollulinae
Phasianinae

Synonyms

Gallidae

The Phasianidae are a

subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into two subfamilies: Rollulinae and Phasianinae, with the latter containing multiple tribes within two clades. The New World quail (Odontophoridae) and guineafowl (Numididae) were formerly sometimes included in this family, but are now typically placed in families of their own; conversely, grouse and turkeys
, formerly often treated as distinct families (Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae, respectively), are now known to be deeply nested within Phasianidae, so they are now included in the present family.

Description

Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from 43 g (1.5 oz) in the case of the king quail to 6 kg (13 lb) in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than 17 kg (37 lb). Length in this taxonomic family can vary from 12.5 cm (4.9 in) in the king quail up to 300 cm (120 in) (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds.[1][2] Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests.[citation needed]

Distribution and habitat

The Phasianidae are mostly an

Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo
.

Overall,

Pavoninae have a wide range across Africa, Eurasia, and Australasia
in both temperate and tropical zones.

The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl, domestic chickens, and turkeys have also escaped or been released and became feral.

Behaviour and ecology

The phasianids have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.

In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in

Incubation times can range from 14–30 days depending on the species, and is almost always done solely by the hen, although a few involve the male partaking in caring for the eggs and chicks, like the willow ptarmigan and bobwhite quail
.

Relationship with humans

The

threatened
by human activities.

Systematics and evolution

See also: List of Galliformes

The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera.[3] This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.

Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two

subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;[4] and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.[5] Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.[6][7] For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[6][7]

The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.[8]

Recent genera

Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball et al., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.[6][9][10][11]

  • Subfamily Rollulinae
    • Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
    • Caloperdix
       Blyth, 1861 (ferruginous partridge)
    • Rollulus
       Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
    • Melanoperdix
       Jerdon, 1864 (black partridge)
    • Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
  • Subfamily Phasianinae
    • Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
      • Lerwa
         Hodgson, 1837 (snow partridge)
      • Ithaginis
         Wagler, 1832 (blood pheasant)
      • Tribe Lophophorini
        • Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
        • Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
        • Lophophorus
           Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
      • Pucrasia
         Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
      • Tribe Tetraonini
        • Meleagris
           Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
        • Bonasa
           Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
        • Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
        • Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 (sage-grouse)
        • Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
        • Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
        • Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
        • Falcipennis
           Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
        • Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
        • Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
        • Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
      • Rhizothera Gray, 1841 (long-billed partridges)
      • Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
      • Tribe Phasianini
        • Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
        • Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
        • Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
        • Catreus Cabanis, 1851 (cheer pheasant)
        • Crossoptilon
           Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
        • Lophura
           Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
    • Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade"
      • Tribe Pavonini
        • Rheinardia
           Maingonnat, 1882 (crested arguses)
        • Argusianus
           Rafinesque, 1815 (great argus)
        • Afropavo
           Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
        • Pavo
           Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
      • Polyplectron
         Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
      • Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
      • Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859 (chestnut-necklaced and green-legged partridges)
      • Haematortyx
         Sharpe, 1879 (crimson-headed partridge)
      • Tribe Gallini
        • Bambusicola
           Gould, 1863 (bamboo partridges)
        • Gallus
           Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
        • Peliperdix
           Bonaparte, 1856 (Latham's francolin)
        • Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852 (certain francolins)
        • Francolinus Stephens, 1819 (certain francolins)
        • Campocolinus Crowe et al., 2020 (certain francolins)
        • Scleroptila Blyth, 1852 (certain francolins)
      • Tribe Coturnicini
        • Tetraogallus Gray
          , 1832 (snowcocks)
        • Ammoperdix Gould, 1851 (sand and see-see partridges)
        • Synoicus Bosc, 1792 (certain quails)
        • Margaroperdix
           Reichenbach, 1853 (Madagascar partridge)
        • Coturnix Garsault, 1764 (typical Old World quails)
        • Alectoris Kaup, 1829 (rock partridges)
        • Perdicula Hodgson, 1837 (bush-quails)
        • Ophrysia
           Bonaparte, 1856 (Himalayan quail)
        • Pternistis Wagler, 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)

Past taxonomy

This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.[12]

  • Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield, 1821
  • Subfamily
    Meleagridinae
    • Meleagris
       Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
  • Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans)
    • Polyplectron
       Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
    • Gallus
       Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
    • Ithaginis
       Wagler, 1832
    • Pucrasia
       Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
    • Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
    • Lophophorus
       Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz, 1846 (monals)
    • Rheinardia
       Maingonnat 1882
    • Argusianus
       Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants)
    • Afropavo
       Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
    • Pavo
       Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
    • Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
    • Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
    • Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
    • Lophura
       Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
    • Catreus Cabanis, 1851
    • Crossoptilon
       Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
  • Subfamily
    Tetraoninae (grouse
    )

Fossil genera

Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[13] and Paleofile.com websites.[14]

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking

Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.[3]

Phasianidae

Xenoperdix – forest partridges (2 species)

Arborophila – forest partridges (19 species)

Caloperdix
– ferruginous partridge

Rollulus
– crested partridge

Melanoperdix
– black partridge

Lerwa
– snow partridge

Ithaginis
– blood pheasant

Tragopan – horned pheasants

Tetraophasis – monal-partridges (2 species)

Lophophorus
– monals (3 species)

Rhizothera – partridges (2 species)

Pucrasia
– koklass pheasant

Meleagris
– turkeys (2 species)

Bonasa
– ruffed grouse

Tetrastes – grouse (2 species)

Centrocercus – sage-grouse (2 species)

Dendragapus – grouse (2 species)

Tympanuchus – prairie chickens (3 species)

Lagopus – ptarmigans (3 species)

Falcipennis
– Siberian grouse

Canachites
– spruce grouse

Tetrao – capercaillies (2 species)

Lyrurus – grouse (2 species)

Perdix – true partridges (3 species)

Syrmaticus – long-tailed pheasants (5 species)

Chrysolophus – pheasants (2 species)

Phasianus – pheasants (2 species)

Catreus – cheer pheasant

Crossoptilon
– eared pheasants (4 species)

Lophura
– gallopheasants (9 species)

Rheinardia
– crested argus

Argusianus
– great argus

Afropavo
– Congo peafowl

Pavo
– peafowls (2 species)

Tropicoperdix – partridges (2 species)

Haematortyx
– crimson-headed partridge

Galloperdix – spurfowl (3 species)

Polyplectron
– peacock-pheasants (8 species)

Bambusicola
– bamboo partridges (3 species)

Gallus
– junglefowl (4 species)

Peliperdix
– Latham's francolin

Ortygornis – francolins (3 species)

Francolinus – francolins (3 species)

Campocolinus – francolins (3 species)

Scleroptila – francolins (7 species)

Tetraogallus
– snowcocks (5 species)

Ammoperdix – desert partridges (2 species)

Synoicus – dwarf quails (4 species)

Margaroperdix
– Madagascar partridge

Coturnix – quails (6 species)

Alectoris – rock partridges (7 species)

Perdicula – bush quails (4 species)

Pternistis – spurfowl (24 species)

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 84-87334-15-6
    .
  2. ^ Harper, D. 1986. Pet Birds for Home and Garden. London: Salamander Books Ltd.
  3. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  4. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ a b c Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54.
    PMID 10082609
    .
  7. ^ a b Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361.
    PMID 24795852
    .
  8. ^ Mayr, G.; Poshmann, M.; Wuttke, M. (2006). "A nearly complete skeleton of the fossil galliform bird Palaeortyx from the late Oligocene of Germany". Acta Ornithologica. 41 (2): 129–135.
    S2CID 73586654
    .
  9. S2CID 231963063
    .
  10. ^ "Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  11. ^ "H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics". www.aviansystematics.org. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  12. ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "02 → Gᴀʟʟᴏᴀɴsᴇʀᴀᴇ : Gᴀʟʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  13. ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Aves [Avialae]– basal birds". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  14. ^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  15. S2CID 253033983
    .
  16. PMID 34809586
    .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phasianidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Phasianidae.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phasianidae&oldid=1214455939"