Khalkha Mongolian

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Khalkha
Native toMongolia
RegionMongolia
EthnicityKhalkha Mongols
Native speakers
3,000,000 (2010 census)[1]
Mongolic
Language codes
ISO 639-3khk
Glottologhalh1238

The Khalkha dialect (

Khalkha river
.

There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example, the normative language uses proximal

accusative which takes the stem ʉːn-)[5] and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by Oirat.[6] On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of paradigms that are based on the stems inʉːn- and inĕn-.[7] This seems to agree with the use in Chakhar Mongolian.[8] The same holds for the distal demonstrative /tir/.[9]

Khalkha may roughly be divided into Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid etc. Both varieties share affricate depalatalization, namely, /tʃ/ > /ts/ and /tʃʰ/ > /tsʰ/ except before *i, while Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and Ordos Mongolian in that it exhibits a dissimilating deaspiration; e.g. *tʰatʰa > /tatʰ/.[10] However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that the border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of South Mongolia.[11]

Especially in the speech of younger speakers, /p/ (or /w/) > [ɸ] may take place, as in Written Mongolian qabtasu > Sünid [ɢaptʰǎs] ~ [ɢaɸtʰǎs] 'cover (of a book)'.[12]

One of the classifications of Khalkha dialect in Mongolia divides it into 3 subdialects: Central, Western and Eastern. The orthography of the

voiceless
, and is pronounced as /ɢ/ (and devoiced to /q/) in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. хутга hutga [ˈχo̙tʰɵ̙q] (Central Khalkha), hутага hutaga [ˈhʊtʰəɣ] (Western Khalkha), гутага gutaga [ˈɢʊtʰəq] (Eastern Khalkha). Initial /tʰ/ is unaspirated in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. талх talh [tʰaɬχ] (Central Khalkha), талқ talq [tʰaɬq] (Western Khalkha), далх dalh [taɬχ] (Eastern Khalkha).

Grouping of Khalkha dialects

In Juha Janhunen's book Mongolian, he groups the Khalkha dialects into the following 19:[13]

  • Outer Mongolia:
    • Central
      • Khalkha Proper dialect
        • northern Khalkha
        • southern Khalkha
        • Ulan Bator dialect of Khalkha
    • Northern:
    • Southeastern:
  • Russia:
    • Tsongol (ru) (Tzonggel)
    • Sartul (Sartool)
      • officially, both are classified as "Buryat" dialects.
  • Inner Mongolia:
    • the Ulan Tsab dialects:
      • the Chakhar (Tzaxer) dialect
      • the Urat (Ourd) dialect
      • the Darkhan (Darxen) dialect
      • the Dörben Huuhet (Deurben Xuuxed) dialect
      • the Muumingan (Moo Minggen) dialect
      • the
        Keshigten
        (Xeshegten) dialect
  • Shilingol (Shiilin Gol) dialects:
    • Udzumuchin (Udzencem) dialect
    • Khuuchit (Xooced) dialect
    • Abaga (Abegh) dialect
    • Abaganar (Abeghner) dialect
    • Sunit
      (Seund) dialect

References

  1. ^ National Census 2010 of Mongolia Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Svantesson et al. 2005: 143. Janhunen 2003: 179-180 mentions that such an approach might be possible. Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 207 without further discussion include at least Shiliin gol and Ulaanchab into the Chakhar dialect.
  3. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 372, also see Svantesson et al. (2005): 36
  4. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 372, cp. Mongolian State (2003): Törijn alban josny helnij tuhaj huul’ Archived 2009-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2009-03-27
  5. ^ cp. Street (1957): 88, IPA in accordance with Svantesson et al. (2005): 2,6-7, 91, but it follows Ölǰeyibürin (2001) in writing [ʉ] instead of [u].
  6. ^ Birtalan (2003): 220, Bläsing (2003): 239
  7. ^ Poppe (1951): 72
  8. ^ See Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 237. While this reference is a bit fuzzy as it includes parts of Southern Khalkh into Chakhar, it does not mention stems like ʉːn-.
  9. ^ See the same sources as for /in/
  10. ^ Svantesson et al. (2005): 143, 206
  11. ^ e.g. Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 207, 372-373, probably also Amaržargal (1988): 22-25
  12. ^ Ölǰeyibürin (2001): 17-18. He assumes voicing to be distinctive, while the above transcription follows Svantesson et al. (2005) in assuming only aspiration as distinctive.
  13. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7
    .

Bibliography
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