Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Peripheral Mongolian
Native toChina
RegionInner Mongolia
EthnicityMongols in China
Mongolic
Language codes
ISO 639-3mvf
Glottologperi1253

In the

standardized dialect of the Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia (in contrast to the standard language in the state of Mongolia, where the Khalkha
make up most of the population), different Mongolian dialects continue to be spoken by different subgroups of the Mongols. Some proposed the Peripheral Mongolian dialect group to cover the Mongolian dialects in Inner Mongolia.

Overview

The Mongolian language is the most widely spoken and best-known member of the

standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the region based on the Chakhar Mongolian, which is phonologically close to the Khalkha Mongolian (the de facto national language of the Mongolian state). The Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia is generally written in the traditional Mongolian script, whereas the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet is commonly used in the state of Mongolia. There are also ethnic Mongol residents in other parts of China (such as Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Northeast China
), and the exact number of Mongolian speakers in China is unknown since there is no data available on the language proficiency of citizens in China.

Standard dialect

While there are different dialects of the Mongolian language as spoken by different subgroups of the Mongols (such as Chahars, Khorchin, and Kharchin) in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, there is a standardized Mongolian dialect in the region, including a standard written language and standard pronunciation, as opposed to the standard language of the state of Mongolia. The traditional Mongolian script is used for the standard Mongolian dialect in Inner Mongolia.

Given its intended status that was formally

Plain Blue Banner on which the normative Inner Mongolian pronunciation Standard sounds (Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ
ᠠᠪᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ barimǰiy-a abiy-a) is based. But legally, the grammar of all Mongolian dialects in Inner Mongolia jointly provides the standard grammar. This is still a delimitation, as Buryat and Oirat speakers in China are obliged to use the standard Mongolian dialect in Inner Mongolia as their standard variety as well.[5] To work as a school teacher, news anchor etc., a special command of the standard Mongolian dialect in Inner Mongolian is required and tested. The test manual focuses mainly on pronunciation, but to some degree also on vocabulary, while syntax is stated to be tested, but left to the evaluators. To teach Mongolian, a score of more than 90% is needed, while teachers of other subjects are only required to obtain 80%, the minimum score for successful completion.[6]

Language status

According to the

elementary and middle schools could be taught in the Mongolian language. It preserves the traditional Mongolian script as its official alphabet, whereas the Cyrillic script
is commonly used in the state of Mongolia.

However, the use of Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia has witnessed periods of decline and revival over the last few hundred years. The language experienced a decline during the late Qing period, a revival between 1947 and 1965, a second decline during the Cultural Revolution between 1966 and 1976, a second revival between 1977 and 1992, and a third decline between 1995 and 2012.[8] During the Cultural Revolution, Mongolian was labeled as part of the Four Olds, texts in Mongolian were burned, and bilingual education was suppressed.[9]

In recent years, the language is in decline again with Mongols in China due to a Chinese government campaign of sinicization,[10][11][12] which results in the Mongolian language being restricted and practically banned to a considerable extent in Inner Mongolia, notably in the educational system. From September 2020, three core subjects, namely language and literature, politics, and history, began to be taught only in Mandarin, the official language of China, which caused demonstrations among local students, their parents and people from the Mongolian country.[13] As of September 2023, Mandarin has been deemed the only language of instruction for all subjects.[14][15]

Although an unknown number of Mongols in China, such as the Tumets, may have completely or partially lost the ability to speak their language, they are still registered as ethnic Mongols and continue to identify themselves as ethnic Mongols.[16][17] The children of inter-ethnic Mongol-Chinese marriages also claim to be and are registered as ethnic Mongols so they can benefit from the preferential policies for minorities in education, healthcare, family planning, school admissions, the hiring and promotion, the financing and taxation of businesses, and regional infrastructural support given to ethnic minorities in China.[18][19]

Proposed dialect group

A dialect group known as Peripheral Mongolian,

Xilin Gol which form a major dialect of their own right and are close to Khalkha[23] are classified as belonging to Chakhar in this approach.[24] Because the proposed dialect group would consist of all non-Buryat Mongolian varieties spoken in Inner Mongolia, this classification has been argued against by several linguists who hold that there is a dialect continuum between Khalkha and the Mongolian varieties in Inner Mongolia that rather favours grouping Chakhar, Ordos and Khalkha on the one hand and Khorchin and Kharchin on the other hand,[25] or at least that "Mongolian proper" is an immediate member of Mongolian/Mongolic.[26]
On the other hand, the argument that the Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia is distinct is based on considerations such as the following:

See also

References

  1. ^ Tsung, Linda (27 October 2014). "3". Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 59.
  2. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 179
  3. ^ e.g. Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli 1964, Qaserdeni et al. 1996, Činggeltei 1999
  4. ^ Qaserdeni et al. 2006
  5. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 85
  6. ^ Committee 2003
  7. ^ "中华人民共和国宪法_国情相关_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  8. ^ Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Academic.
  9. ISSN 1061-1932
    .
  10. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived
    from the original on 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-15. The decline of Mongolian is part of a years-long push by the central government to assimilate ethnic minorities across China.
  11. ^ Bagshaw, Eryk (2023-07-21). "'I might die or be murdered': The province fearing it will be wiped out by Beijing". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
  12. ^ "Mongolians in China Face 'Cultural Genocide' as Language, Culture Swept Aside: Group". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  13. ^ "Rare rallies in China over Mongolian language curb". BBC News. 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  14. ^ "China Enforces Ban on Mongolian Language in Schools, Books". VOA. 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  15. ^ "China bans Mongolian-medium classes, cuts language hours in schools". Radio Free Asia. October 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
  16. ^ Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11.
  17. ^ Iredale, Robyn (August 2, 2003). "3". China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies. Routledge. pp. 56, 64–67.
  18. ^ Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11.Iredale, Robyn; Bilik, Naran; Fei, Guo (August 2, 2003). "3". China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies. p. 61.
  19. doi:10.1080/13537119808428530
    . Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  20. ^ "Spoken L1 Language: Peripheral Mongolian". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  21. ^ e.g. Secen et al. 1998, Buu 2005: 5, Bayancogtu 2007: 282
  22. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 158-194
  23. ^ Janhunen 2003: 179-180
  24. ^ Sečenbaγatur 2003: 7
  25. ^ e.g. Luvsanvandan 1959, Janhunen 2003. However, Janhunen classifies Ordos as a language and thus does not group it with Khalkha, Chakhar and Xilin Gol.
  26. ^ e.g. Svantesson et al. 2005
  27. ^ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 191-192

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia&oldid=1217397282"