Kiruna
Kiruna (Swedish)
Giron ( UTC+2 (CEST) | |
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Website | kiruna.se |
Kiruna (Swedish:
The
History
Origins
Archaeological findings have shown that the region around Kiruna has been inhabited for at least 6,000 years.
Centuries before Kiruna was founded in 1900, the presence of iron ore at
Despite the findings of large amounts of ore, no mining was initiated because of the remote location and the harsh climate. Some ore was extracted in the 19th century. It was extracted in summer and transported in winter, using sleds drawn by reindeer and horses. However, the costs were high and the quality of the phosphorus ore poor, until, in 1878, the Gilchrist–Thomas process, invented by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, allowed for the separation of phosphorus from the ore.[9][10]
In 1884, a concession for a railway from
At the initiative of Robert Schoug, the
The decision to build was finally taken in 1898. The railway came to Kiruna 15 October 1899 and the Swedish and Norwegian sections were joined 15 November 1902. For LKAB, the great expense almost led to bankruptcy in 1901, just after the ore mining at Kiirunavaara had started.
The architects Per Olof Hallman and Gustaf Wickman were appointed to design the city, to be built at Haukivaara, near both iron ore mines, with then-revolutionary consideration of geographical and climatological circumstances; being built on a hill, winter temperatures are much milder than in other towns, and due to the street plan and the positioning, wind is limited. On 27 April 1900, Hallman's plan was officially accepted.
Gustaf Broms proposed to name the settlements Kiruna, a short and practical name that could also be pronounced by Swedish-speaking inhabitants. The name means rock ptarmigan in Sámi and Finnish. LKAB appointed Hjalmar Lundbohm, who had finished neither high school nor his geology studies, as local manager in Kiruna.[13][14][15]
Early history
Before the design for the settlement had been accepted, houses were built in a disorganized manner with illegal slums similar to those in the other mining town, Malmberget, 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Kiruna. Also, provisional buildings served as a church, a school, a hospital, a hotel and a police station. However, official residences were built at a high pace, and when the king opened the railway in 1903, all illegal residences and most other provisional buildings had been demolished and replaced. The very first building, B:1, is preserved and can be seen at Hjalmar Lundbohmsgården. In 1899, 18 people were registered as living in soon-to-be Kiruna. This increased to 222 in 1900, 7,438 in 1910 and 12,884 in 1930.
The residences did not fully keep up with this rapid growth; by 1910, there were 1,877 official rooms and some unrecognised residences, which meant that an average of three to four people lived in a single room; this density decreased steadily during the decades to follow. Kiruna became a municipalsamhälle (a community within a municipality) in 1908. This caused unhappiness in local organisations, such as Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Arbetareförening, that had hoped for status as köping, which would have kept more of the mining income inside the locality. In return, the mining company LKAB paid for a hospital, fire station, sewerage, roads, a church (opened 1912) and the priest's home.[9][11][13]
In April 1907, a
The iron ore industry was good in the early 20th century. Before the start of the work, Hjalmar Lundbohm worried whether the Kiruna winter would allow for working outside at all, but despite early research into underground mining,
A general strike hit Sweden in 1909 and Kiruna was no exception. Hoping for a better future, thousands of people left Kiruna, including a group of 500 inhabitants emigrating to Brazil. Most of them returned, disappointed that life in Latin America was not what they had hoped it to be. Hjalmar Lundbohm personally lent money for the trip home to some of the emigrants.[10][11]
During World War I, iron ore production dropped to the lowest level in LKAB's history, and when exports increased again, a successful three-month strike in 1920 led to a 20% increase in salaries for the miners. Production dropped to a minimum in 1922 and a three-day work week was introduced, but during the fabulous twenties, it increased to a record nine million tonnes in 1927.[11]
In 1921, mining started at Kiruna's other hill,
During the first decades of Kiruna's existence, no road connected it to the outside world. The only connection was by railway or, as in the time before the railway, by boat (in summer) via the
The Great Depression led to a 70% drop in ore production, a drop that would turn into a dramatic increase on the eve of World War II.[11]
Although some tourists had already started coming to the area in the 19th century, the completion of the railway line truly made tourism possible. Tourists came for the rivers and the mountains, but also geologists and entire classes of students came to see the mine. Additionally, a yearly winter sports festival was started, which attracted people from a wide area. The Sami population was already a tourist attraction in the early days of Kiruna's existence.[17]
In the early 1920s a movement that became known as "Kirunasvenskarna" (the
World War II
The municipality of Kiruna shares borders with Norway and Finland and Kiruna is located relatively close to both countries. This led to many soldiers being transported to the area whenever mobilisation was requested; first in September 1939 after the German invasion of Poland, then in November 1939 after the Russian invasion of Finland, but in both cases, Swedish soldiers did not engage in any fighting. In March 1940, Churchill requested permission to transport soldiers from Narvik in Norway to Finland via Kiruna and Haparanda in Operation Catherine. Out of fear that the presence of British soldiers near the Kiruna ore mine would provoke a German attack on Sweden, the request was declined.[19]
After the
After the battle at Bjørnfjell, 15 April 1940, wounded and fallen Norwegian soldiers were transported to Kiruna.[19]
Despite the conditions for Swedish neutrality, rail cars with food, skis and helmets were transported from Kiruna to the Norwegian soldiers in Bjørnfjell.[19]
Swedish iron ore from Kiruna was of major importance to the German war machine. A group of people working at LKAB organised in the Wollweberliga, planning to sabotage transports to Germany. In late November 1941, Edvard Nyberg, Ernst Wollweber and others produced a mine to be attached to the ore cars. Nyberg was caught, was fired from LKAB and spent 3+1⁄2 years in prison. Upon his release, he founded Nybergs Mekaniska Verkstad which is still one of Kiruna's biggest companies.[19][20][21]
Germany requested that Sweden provide use of the railway network to transport military equipment, but the Swedish government agreed only to transitering av human karaktär, men ej underhåll till stridande trupp (transit of humanitarian character, but no supply of fighting soldiers). Germany argued that, now that Norway was occupied, the German soldiers there were no longer fighting, and thus transported a large amount of military equipment, ammunition and, secretly, troops from southern to northern Norway, via Malmbanan and Kiruna. Troops were often transported in transports declared as material transports. Despite being strictly against the rules, there was considerable interaction between the German soldiers and the Swedish locals, including trading and football matches.[19]
During the war, up to 2,000 refugees from 20 countries were kept in Kiruna. German prisoners of war, for example, from crashed airplanes, were kept in Kiruna before being transported south. However, small-scale sabotage, such as sand in the engines, was common and loose weapons often ended up at the bottom of the Luossajärvi lake, next to the railway stop.[19]
North of Torneträsk, at Kaivare, a radio base Kari was built in secrecy and used by the Norwegian resistance. It was also used for the smuggling of arms to Norway and refugees from Norway.[19][22]
Post-war
In 1948, Kiruna gained city rights and started to receive large amounts of money from the mine. The city centre was renovated starting in 1953; most buildings built before 1920 were demolished and replaced, and many of the current buildings were built in the following period. The town grew and new neighborhoods were built, as well as new apartment buildings and villas in existing neighborhoods. The area is currently known as Lombolo was built in the 1960s.[13]
After World War II, the economy of Kiruna started to diversify. Initially, the mechanisation of the mining industry led to more mechanical workshops developing machinery for the mine, still dependent on the mining, but individual companies with spinoffs that could be sold to other areas than the Kiruna mine alone. In the 1950s, a fund, Norrlandsfonden was established, in which profits from LKAB would be invested in order to diversify the local economy. The municipality started to lend money to starting companies against very beneficial rates, a scheme that lasted until 1959 because the banks, that insisted this was false competition, had established more relaxed rules for lending out money. The industrial area east of the city was built in the 1950s to separate industry from neighborhoods.[23]
On 10 November 1960, Kiruna Airport opened to separate civilian air traffic from the military airplanes that had landed at Kalixfors airport and at Luossajärvi since World War I. A road to Nikkaluokta was opened in 1971 and to Riksgränsen and Narvik in 1984. The latter had been debated heavily, for alternative plans existed to build the road to Norway on the northern side of Torneträsk, via Laimo, Kattuvuoma, Salmi to Innset and Bardu in Norway. This road was never built, but a 25 km long track between Laimo and Salmi was built at the initiatives of the locals and finished in 1962; however, this track, called Talmavägen, is not connected to any other road.[12]
Increased communications were also beneficial for tourism.
In 1957, the Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (KGO) (now the
The Kiruna Icehotel has been built in Jukkasjärvi each winter since 1990 and is a major tourist attraction.[27]
Moving the town
The re-development of Kiruna is a reconstruction project, as the Kirunavaara mine, run by LKAB, undermines the existing town centre. Several buildings are to be moved or demolished. The town center is to be moved 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the east.[28]
In 2004, it was decided that the present centre of the municipality would have to be relocated to counter mining-related subsidence.[29] The relocation was to be made gradually over the coming decade. On January 8, 2007, a new location was proposed, northwest to the foot of the Luossavaara mountain, by the lake of Luossajärvi.[30]
The first actual work on moving the town was done in November 2007, when work on the new main sewage pipe started.[31]
In the same week, first sketches for the layout of the new part of the town became available.
In June 2010 the municipal council decided that the town would be moved eastwards (to 67°51′1″N 20°18′2″E / 67.85028°N 20.30056°E), in the direction of Tuolluvaara, instead of the proposed northwestern location.[34] The moving of the town was started in 2014 and the plan describes a process that continues to 2100.[35] The years 2012-2013 an international architectural competition concerning the vision, strategy and design of a new city centre for a new Kiruna was arranged by the Municipality of Kiruna in partnership with the Swedish Association of Architects. White Arkitekter AB based in Stockholm together with Ghilardi + Hellsten Arkitekter based in Oslo, Spacescape AB, Vectura Consulting AB and Evidens BLW AB won the competition with their masterplan and strategy for moving the city. The competition team was led by White Arkitekter AB, Lead Architect Mikael Stenqvist Architect SAR/MSA, in collaboration with Ghilardi + Hellsten Arkitekter, Lead architect Ellen Hellsten,[36] Together with researchers from Luleå and Delft universities, which envisages a denser city centre with a greater focus on sustainability, green and blue infrastructure, pedestrians and public transport rather than automobiles.[37] In 2018, Swedish government announced that it would help arrange replacement work for radio corporation Radiotjänst after the city had been moved from its original location.[38]
Starting in 2013 Danish explorer and photographer Klaus Thymann began a long-term project documenting the resettlement of the town. Using GPS-tagged imagery he has returned multiple times since, replicating precise locations to show the changing landscape.[39] In 2017 Thymann returned again to Kiruna to document the redevelopment of the town for Bloomberg Businessweek.[40]
Geography
Kiruna is located in the north of Sweden, 145 kilometres (90 mi) north of the
The city is built near the lake
Kiruna became a Swedish city on January 1, 1948, and was at one time listed as the largest city in the world by area,[41] even if most of its territory was non-urban. After the Swedish municipality reform in the 1970s, the term "city" has been legally discontinued. Today only the built-up area is considered a de facto city.
Climate
Being located 145 km (90 miles) north of the
The coldest confirmed temperature ever in Kiruna was recorded at the nearby weather station with −43.3 °C (−45.9 °F) recorded in January 1999.[42] The weather station recorded 31.6 °C (88.9 °F) in July 1945, which is the all-time record.[43] The warmest month on record at the weather station was July 2018, with average high temperatures of 24.3 °C (75.7 °F).[44] Kiruna has a gloomy climate, affected by Atlantic low-pressure systems. Due to its extreme daylight cycle, the period between April and August account for 73% of Kiruna's annual sunshine according to the 1961-1990 normals, whereas the five darkest months between October and February contain only around 10% of the annual sunshine.
Climate data for Kiruna Airport (2002–2021 averages, extremes since 1901), precipitation from Rensjön | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
31.6 (88.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−0.1 (31.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.8 (1.8) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−4.3 (24.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −29.1 (−20.4) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−32.0 (−25.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −40.1 (−40.2) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−28.8 (−19.8) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−37.5 (−35.5) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.7 (1.01) |
20.2 (0.80) |
15.2 (0.60) |
19.3 (0.76) |
44.8 (1.76) |
54.6 (2.15) |
92.7 (3.65) |
66.2 (2.61) |
57.8 (2.28) |
39.6 (1.56) |
25.8 (1.02) |
31.5 (1.24) |
493.4 (19.44) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 8 | 69 | 162 | 208 | 238 | 244 | 244 | 180 | 118 | 75 | 21 | 0 | 1,567 |
Source 1: SMHI Open Data for Rensjön A, precipitation[45] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: SMHI Open Data for Kiruna flygplats, temperature[46] |
Climate data for Kiruna (Esrange 2002–2018, extremes since 1901) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −9.1 (15.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −14.0 (6.8) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.8 (−1.8) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −32.9 (−27.2) |
−31.4 (−24.5) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
−35.7 (−32.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −43.3 (−45.9) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−28.8 (−19.8) |
−34.6 (−30.3) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−43.3 (−45.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37.7 (1.48) |
29.8 (1.17) |
19.4 (0.76) |
20.9 (0.82) |
45.7 (1.80) |
70.9 (2.79) |
100.6 (3.96) |
72.2 (2.84) |
64.8 (2.55) |
42.0 (1.65) |
41.4 (1.63) |
42.3 (1.67) |
587.7 (23.12) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 8.9 | 69.8 | 161.8 | 203.8 | 236.9 | 227.1 | 245.5 | 182.5 | 117.2 | 80.9 | 21.5 | 0.0 | 1,555.9 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Source 1: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute[47][48] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ultraviolet Index [49] |
Transportation
Kiruna is on the E10 road, connecting Luleå with Norway and passing near Gällivare (south of Kiruna) and Narvik (on the Norwegian coast). A short road connects to Kurravaara at the Torne river and ends there. Another road connects Kiruna with Nikkaluokta close to Kebnekaise and is used by tourists to get to the mountains. It passes by or nearby several villages in the Kalix river valley.
Buses connect Kiruna with major towns in
Economy
Space research
Space research started in the late 1940s.[5]
The
Also in Kiruna are the
In 2007, the Swedish government announced that Kiruna would be the host of Spaceport Sweden, signing an agreement with Virgin Galactic.[52][53]
Mining
Mining plays a major role as a source of national income and employment for Kiruna and the surrounding region. As with most of Northern Sweden the area is rich with Magnetite which is mined to produce various Iron ore products which are then transported by rail to Narvik port in Norway to be shipped to customers around the world. Large-scale mining in Kiruna started in the 19th century right around the time the major Swedish mining company LKAB was founded in 1890.[54]
Tourism
In winter, the
Sports
- Kiruna FF is a Swedish football club located in Kiruna. The club currently competes in Division 3 Norra Norrland, the fifth tier of the Swedish football league system.
- Kiruna IF is a Swedish ice hockey club located in Kiruna. The club currently competes in Hockeyettan, the third tier of the Swedish ice hockey league system.
- Kebnekaise BTK [58] is a table-tennis club located in Kiruna. The club competes in Div 1 Norra, the third tier of the Swedish table-tennis league system. Kebnekaise BTK has consistently been one of Northern Sweden's most successful table-tennis clubs. Practice takes place in Sporthallen,[59] the sports center located in central Kiruna.
Notable residents
- Svarta Bjorn, legendary female cook during the founding of the town
- Emma Eliasson, ice hockey defender in the Swedish Women's Hockey League, and member of the Sweden women's national ice hockey team
- Philip Kemi, Swedish professional ice hockey player
- Fredrik Krekula, Swedish professional ice hockey player
- Elvira Öberg, Olympic champion biathlon
- Olympic champion biathlon
- Rednex, eurodance and American country band
- Börje Salming, National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey defenceman; member of the Hockey Hall of Fame
- Per Spett, Olympic mogul skier
Twin cities
Former twin cities
- Arkhangelsk, Russia (1999–2022)[60]
See also
- Esrange
- Jänkänalusta
- Kauppinen
- Kiruna Church
- Kiruna dialect
- Kiruna Party
- Kiruna Stamell, an Australian-British actor named after this city
- Radiotjänst in Kiruna
- Spaceport Sweden
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics
References
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- ^ "Kiruna: the town being moved 3km east so it doesn't fall into a mine". The Guardian. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
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- ^ TT (2007-01-08). "Klart med Kirunas flytt". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2015-10-24.
- ^ Rosengren, Jessica (2007-11-23). "Kirunaflytten är igång". Norrländska Socialdemokraten (in Swedish). Retrieved 2015-10-24.
- ^ Rosengren, Jessica (2007-11-23). "Nu finns det skiss över nya Kiruna". Norrländska Socialdemokraten (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
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{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "FAQ - Kiruna kommun". www.kiruna.se. Archived from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
- ^ https://www.arkitekt.se/app/uploads/2014/06/T%C3%A4vlingar-2013-Ny-stadsk%C3%A4rna-i-Kiruna-Jury-Pronouncement.pdf [bare URL PDF]
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- ^ Dean, J. (5 September 2017). "The Complicated Audacious Plan to Move a Swedish Mining Town". Businessweek.
- ^ "Historien om världens största stad" (in Swedish). Norrländska Socialdemokraten. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
- ^ "Temperature and Wind for January 2015 - All Time Records section" (PDF). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Temperature and Wind for July 2014 - All Time Records section" (PDF). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "July 2018 Temperature & Wind" (PDF) (in Swedish). SMHI. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ^ "Open Data for Rensjön A, precipitation" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Open Data for Kiruna flygplats, temperature" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. 23 March 2022.
- ^ "SMHI Open Data for Esrange" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- ^ "Monthly & Yearly Statistics 2002–2018" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
- ^ "Weather Report for Kiruna". Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Bus". www.swedavia.com.
- ^ "What is EISCAT?". Archived from the original on 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ "Spaceport Sweden". www.spaceportsweden.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ^ "SSC - Swedish Space Corporation - SSC". www.ssc.se.
- ^ "Det börjar med järnet". LKAB. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ^ "Snow festival 2013 › Kiruna Lappland". Archived from the original on April 18, 2013.
- ^ "Kiruna Lappland". Archived from the original on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ "Snöfestivalen" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ "Kebnekaise Bordtennis Kiruna". www.kebnebtk.se.
- ^ "Sporthallen - Kiruna.se". www.kiruna.se. 24 April 2023.
- ^ "Kiruna säger upp vänortsavtal med Arkhangelsk". kiruna.se (in Swedish). 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- Hansson, Staffan (2015). Malmens Land: Gruvnäringen i Norrbotten under 400 år (in Swedish). Tornedalica. ISBN 978-91-972358-9-1.
- Kummu, Maria (1997). Gruvor och Bruk i Norr (in Swedish). Gällivare: Kommunes of Kiruna, Pajala and Övertorneå. ISBN 91-630-8085-0.
External links
- Kiruna – Official website
- Mitt Kiruna – Kiruna city guide with local news, weather forecast, cinemas, TV-guide and current events.
- BBC – Sweden to save sinking town
- Satellite picture by Google Maps
- Det nya Kiruna – (in Swedish)
- (in English) Trip to Kiruna