Kxʼa languages
Kxʼa | |
---|---|
Ju–ǂHoan | |
Geographic distribution | Angola, Namibia, and Botswana |
Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families (Khoisan is a term of convenience) |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | kxaa1236 |
Kx'a Languages in Orange |
The Kxʼa
Languages
- moribund)
- ǃKung(also ǃXun or Ju, formerly Northern Khoisan; a dialect cluster)
ǂʼAmkoe had previously been lumped in with the Tuu languages, perhaps over confusion with the dialect name ǂHȍȁn, but the only thing they have in common are
Honken & Heine (2010) coined the term Kxʼa for the family as a replacement for the rather inaccessible compound Ju–ǂHoan (easily confused with the
Reconstruction
Honken & Heine (2010) reconstruct six places of click articulation for Proto-Kxʼa: the five coronal places that occur in Central ǃKung, plus the bilabial clicks of ǂʼAmkoe. They postulate that the ancestral bilabial clicks became dental in ǃKung. However, Starostin (2003)[2] argues that the bilabial clicks are a secondary development in ǂʼAmkoe. He cites the ǂʼAmkoe words for 'one' and 'two', /ŋ͡ʘũ/ and /ʘoa/, where no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals. Sands (2014) notes that ǂʼAmkoe bilabial clicks correspond to all clicks places in ǃKung except for palatal. She postulates that these reflect labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa: *ǀʷ *ǃʷ *‼ʷ *ǁʷ. These became bilabial in ǂʼAmkoe, while the only traces of the labialization in ǃKung are diphthongs. An example, from Proto-Kxʼa *‼ʷ, is 'tail' in ǂHoan /ʘχúì/, Juǀʼhoan /ǃxúi/ and Ekoka /ǁxóe/ (from Proto-Ju *‼xoe: retroflex clicks merged with alveolars in Southern ǃKung, with laterals in Northern ǃKung, and only remained retroflex in Central ǃKung.) The lack of **ǂʷ is not surprising, given the relative rarity of labiovelarized palatals crosslinguistically.[3]
References
- hdl:10108/57434. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-02.)
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- ^ Sands, Bonny (2014-05-30). Adoption, maintenance and loss of click contrasts (PDF). Sound Change in Interacting Human Systems 3rd Biennial Workshop on Sound Change. University of California, Berkeley.
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