Urarina language
Urarina | |
---|---|
Itucale | |
kachá Urarina people | |
Native speakers | 3,000 (2002)[3] |
?
| |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ura |
Glottolog | urar1246 |
ELP | Urarina |
Urarina is an
It has a canonical word order of
Classification
The classification of Urarina remains contentious: academics have placed the language in at least four language families including Panoan, Tupian, Macro-Tucanoan, and Amerind. However, the proposed language families share few similarities with Urarina, meaning it is likely best described as either “unclassified” or as a language isolate. It is usually assumed that it is a language isolate given Urarina’s complete lack of lexical overlap with any languages surrounding Urarina territory. [7]
Dialects
There are four Urarina dialect zones:[8]
- Zone A (western area, including Tigrillo and Espejo)
- Zone B (Lower Chambira dialects, including the Asna and Airico Rivers)
- Zone C (Upper Chambira and all of its tributaries)
- Zone D (Corrientes)
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Status
Urarina is currently spoken by the 2,000-3,000 members of the Urarina tribe, the majority of whom have retained the ability to speak the language. However, bilingualism and use of Spanish in everyday life is on the rise, as more and more Spanish-speaking mestizos have immigrated to the valley where the Urarina live. While there is a bilingual education system, most bilingual schools almost exclusively use Spanish, as the majority of the teachers do not speak Urarina. [10] The version of Urarina that is spoken by younger generations has lost a substantial degree of grammatical complexity and vocabulary, as correlated to the loss of traditional cultural practices and beliefs. The language is considered potentially endangered. [7]
Phonology
The following is the phonology of Urarina as described by Olawsky.[7]
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labial | plain | palatal | ||||||
Nasal | /m/ | / n /
|
ng /ɲ/ | ||||||
Stop
|
Voiceless
|
/ t /
|
ts /t͡ɕ/ | /k/ | kw /kʷ/ | ||||
Voiced | /b/ | / d /
|
|||||||
Fricative
|
fw /fʷ/ | /s/ | sh /ʃ/ | /h/ | hj /hʲ/ | ||||
Approximant
|
/ l /
|
r /ɽ/ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | /i/ | /ʉ/ | /u/ |
Mid | /e/ | ||
Open | /a/ |
Orthography is only written where it differs from IPA
Grammar
Urarina has several rare grammatical characteristics. The language follows the
Urarina follows a similarly unique word class system. Numerals and adjectives that are borrowed from
Like many other Amazonian languages, Urarina follows a polysynthetic, agglutinative word morphology in relating to verbs.[7]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itucale.[2]
gloss Itucale one exlehé two kuradzá head kuxterí eye idichú woman ení fire öxsí sun enotú maize kaxturí house luredí white dzumaré
Flora and fauna
List of selected plant and animal names in Urarina:[11]
Urarina | Local Spanish | English | Scientific name | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
aʉeno | sacha culantro | (coriander-like herb) | Eryngium foetidum | Apiaceae |
aari | topa | balsa wood tree |
Ochroma pyramidale |
Bombacaceae |
aari | arambaza | (type of bee) | ||
aaĩ | otorongo | jaguar | Panthera onca |
|
aerana | pucalupuna | lighthouse tree (type) | Ceiba pentandra (type) | |
ahai ɲe | paiche | giant arapaima (fish) | Arapaima gigas | Arapaimidae
|
ahariri | gamitana | tambaqui (fish) | Colossoma macropomum |
Characidae |
ahjaʉi | uvilla | (type of tree) | Pourouma cecropiifolia | Moraceae |
ahjaaone | santa maria | (type of pepper plant) | Piper peltatum | Piperaceae |
ajtɕuhiri | armadillo grande | giant armadillo | Priodontes maximus |
|
akʉaraa | pona | white nist palm | Dictyocaryum ptarianum | Arecaceae |
akaa | toé | angel trumpet vine, datura | Brugmansia sp. | Solanaceae |
akii | camote | morning glory (vine) | Ipomoea sp. | Convolvulaceae |
alaa | aguaje | swamp palm | Mauritia flexuosa | Palmae
|
alaaeri | caimitu | yellow star apple (tree) | Pouteria caimito | Sapotaceae |
alajtɕõo | jergón | South American lancehead snake | Bothrops atrox | |
alau | maquisapa | spider monkey | Ateles paniscus |
|
alauihja | pero caspi | (type of tree) | ||
alõori | panguana | tinamou (partridge) | Crypturellus undulatus |
|
anaahe | uvos | yellow mombin (tree) |
Spondias mombin | Anacardiaceae |
anajsihje | mucura | anamu (herb) |
Petiveria alliacea |
Phytolaccaceae |
anaue | pichico | tamarin (monkey) | Saguinus spp. |
|
arauata | choro | woolly monkey | Lagothrix lagothricha |
|
aresi ɲe | mojara | type of tetra (fish) | Acestrocephalus boehlkei | Characidae |
atari | paufil | razor-billed curassow (bird) | Mitu |
|
auri | paucar | oriole type (bird) | Psarocolius sp. |
Icteridae
|
baka isitɕi | teta de vaca | (type of plant) | Solanum mammosum | |
ʤaruba | vaca marina | Amazonian manatee | Trichechus inunguis |
|
darane | mojara | (type of fish) | related to Acestrocephalus boehlkei | Characidae |
duhwa | cedro masha | cancharana (tree) | Cabralea sp. | Meliaceae |
ejtɕu | cashapona | stilt palm |
Socratea exorrhiza | Palmae
|
elelia, elele | chevón | (type of tree) | ||
enʉasoone | nobia | (type of catfish) | Ageneiosus atronasus |
Auchenipteridae
|
esʉ | shimbillo; guaba | ice-cream bean (tree) |
Inga edulis | Fabaceae |
etoe | musmuqui | owl monkey |
Aotus nigriceps |
|
fwafwafwa katʉ | sapucho; sapo platano | (type of banana) | Musa sp. | |
fwafwafwa | huapapa bird | boat-billed heron | Cochlearius cochlearius |
|
fwanara lanahaj | guineo | (type of banana) | Musa sp. | |
haja | mullaca caspi | (type of tree) | Physalis angulata | |
hi ɲori | ? | (type of tree) | ||
hiriri ɲo | bagre | (type of catfish) | Pinirampus pirinampu |
Pimelodidae |
hjaane | achiote | annatto (tree, herb) | Bixa orellana | Bixaceae |
hjarana | isana, caña brava | arrow cane | Gynerium sagittatum |
Graminae
|
itɕai | saeha papa | (type of tuber) | Dioscorea trifida | Dioscoreaceae |
kahjaʉsi | cortadera | (type of herb) | Scleria | Cyperaceae |
kajahuri | cumala | (type of tree) | Myristicaceae - any type | |
kakʉri | trompetero | grey-winged trumpeter (bird) | Psophia crepitans |
|
kameranati | guineo pindorito | (type of banana) | ||
kati | mono negro | dark capuchin monkey | Cebus apella |
|
kirimata | boquichico | tilapia (fish) | Prochilodus | Prochilodontidae |
komokomo | comocomo, garza blanca | great egret | Casmerodius alba |
|
kukuri | carachupa | Southern naked-tailed armadillo | Cabassous unicinctus |
|
kurari | palometa; macane | silver dollar (fish) | Mylossoma/Metynnis/Myleus spp. | Characidae |
kuri | jagua, sacha huito | (type of tree) | Tocoyena williamsii | Rubiaceae |
kwairi | ayahuasca | (type of liana) | Banisteriopsis caapi | Malpighiaceae |
laano | yuca | manioc |
Manihot esculenta |
Euphorbiaceae |
lerano | macana | (type of knifefish) | Adontosternarchus balaenops | |
meseri | cocona | peach tomato (bush) | Solanum sessiliflorum | Solanaceae |
nekwʉri | puma garza | rufescent tiger-heron |
Tigrisoma lineatum |
|
nekwʉʉri | garabata | (type of liana) | similar to Uncaria spp. | Rubiaceae |
obana | sajino | collared peccary | Pecari tajacu |
|
ohwa | huicungo | (type of tree) | Astrocaryum murumuru | Palmae
|
raana | huangana | white-lipped peccary | Tayassu pecari |
|
rihje | pijuayo, pifayo | peach palm |
Bactris gasipaes | Palmae
|
risi ɲe | chambira | chambira palm |
Astrocaryum chambira | Arecaceae |
ruru | coto | red howler monkey |
Alouatta seniculus |
|
siria | dorado | (type of catfish) | Brachyplatystoma filamentosum | Pimelodidae |
suseri | unchala | grey-necked wood-rail (bird) |
Aramides cajanea |
|
tariatɕa | taricaya | yellow-spotted river turtle | Podocnemis unifilis |
|
tururi | llanchama | (type of fig tree) | Poulsenia armata |
Moraceae |
urwari | huitina | arrowleaf (tuber) | Xanthosoma sagittifolium | Araceae |
ʃabẽeto | guayaba | (type of tree) | Psidium guajava | Myrtaceae |
ʃeremia | pandisho, pan de árbol | breadfruit tree |
Artocarpus altilis |
Moraceae |
ʉkʉari | oso hormiguero | giant anteater | Myrmecophaga tridactyla |
|
ʉkiasi | renaco | fig tree |
Ficus spp., Coussapoa spp. | Moraceae |
ʉnee | kinkajou | kinkajou | Bassaricyon alleni |
|
ʉrerej | otorongo | jaguar | Panthera onca |
References
- ^ W. Adelaar, 2004, p. 457.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ a b c Urarina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Urarina Indian Language". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ "WALS Online - Language Urarina". Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ "WALS Online - Chapter Order of Subject, Object and Verb". Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ ISSN 0933-7636.
- ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ISBN 9781135796402.
- ISSN 0933-7636.
- Moseley, Christopher (March 10, 2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781135796402.
Further reading
- Olawsky, K. (2006). A Grammar of Urarina. (Mouton Grammar Library, 37). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Wise, Mary Ruth. (1999). "Small Language Families and Isolates in Peru" in The Amazonian Languages. Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra (ed.)
- Elias-Ulloa, Jose and Aramburú, Rolando Muñoz (2021). "Upper-Chambira Urarina". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 51 (1): 137–169. doi:10.1017/S0025100319000136), with supplementary sound recordings.
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