Yuki–Wappo languages
| Yuki–Wappo | |
|---|---|
| Yukian | |
| Geographic distribution | California |
| Extinct | 1990, with the death of Laura Somersal (Wappo) |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | yuki1242 |
 Pre-contact distribution of Yuki–Wappo languages | |
The Yuki–Wappo or Yukian languages are a small
The Yukian languages may be, along with
Family division
The family consists of
Yuki consisted of three dialects: Yuki, Coast Yuki, and Huchnom. Wappo consisted of four dialects spoken in the
Wappo and Yuki are quite divergent grammatically and lexically (Goddard 1996: 83), which has led to contested theories about their relationship. Additionally, the Wappo and Yuki people were quite distinct culturally and even in physical type (Goddard 1996: 83). The Yuki–Wappo languages appear to belong to the very earliest strata of languages in California, even predating
Some evidence suggests the two languages separated around 2000–1000 bce. Wappo speakers may have separated from Yuki due to migrations of
The Wappo migration to
Genetic relations
The relationship between Yuki and Wappo was contested by Jesse Sawyer who believes that the similarities are due to
Yuki–Wappo has been linked to a number of hypothetical relationships:
- under Yokutsanand also to a California Penutian sub-group
- under Hokan (including under Edward Sapir's Hokan–Siouan)
- connected to Siouan
- in (and not with Hokan, pace Sapir)
To date, none of these proposals have been successfully demonstrated.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-6667-4
- Heizer, Robert F. (Ed.). (1978). California. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 8). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
References
- ISBN 978-0-5202-6667-4
- ISBN 978-90-279-7876-9, retrieved 2024-09-02