La Rioja (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Coordinates: 42°15′N 2°30′W / 42.250°N 2.500°W / 42.250; -2.500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with La Rioja (Senate constituency).
La Rioja
La Rioja
Population319,892 (2022)[1]
Electorate252,091 (2023)
Major settlementsLogroño
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats4
Member(s)
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE
(2)

La Rioja—Logroño until 1982—is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the

province of La Rioja. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation
, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the

absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of

district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for

federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies
1977–present
Key to parties
  U.Podemos
  Podemos
  PSOE
  Cs
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
1 2 1
1st 1979
1 3
2nd 1982
2 2
3rd 1986
2 2
4th 1989
2 2
5th 1993
2 2
6th 1996
2 2
7th 2000
1 3
8th 2004
2 2
9th 2008
2 2
10th 2011
1 3
11th 2015
1 1 2
12th 2016
1 1 2
13th 2019 (Apr)
2 1 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
2 2
15th 2023
2 2

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 79,715 45.64 +11.41 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 62,322 35.68 +0.83 2 ±0
Vox (Vox) 17,056 9.77 –1.69 0 ±0
Unite (Sumar)1 11,470 6.57 –3.30 0 ±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 723 0.41 –0.25 0 ±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB) 608 0.35 +0.09 0 ±0
Workers' Front (FO) 295 0.17 New 0 ±0
Seniors in Action (3e) 286 0.16 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 232 0.13 –0.05 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 224 0.13 –0.03 0 ±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 124 0.07 –0.12 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,608 0.92 –0.15
Total 174,663 4 ±0
Valid votes 174,663 98.71 +0.27
Invalid votes 2,282 1.29 –0.27
Votes cast / turnout 176,945 70.19 –3.23
Abstentions 75,146 29.81 +3.23
Registered voters 252,091
Sources[8]
Footnotes:
  • 1
    Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
    totals in the November 2019 election.

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 57,485 34.85 +3.16 2 ±0
People's Party (PP) 56,450 34.23 +7.72 2 +1
Vox (Vox) 18,908 11.46 +2.47 0 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 16,273 9.87 –1.93 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 11,673 7.08 –10.72 0 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
(PACMA) 		1,096 0.66 –0.11 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 425 0.26 +0.05 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 307 0.19 +0.04 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 297 0.18 +0.07 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 263 0.16 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,757 1.07 +0.26
Total 164,934 4 ±0
Valid votes 164,934 98.44 –0.19
Invalid votes 2,615 1.56 +0.19
Votes cast / turnout 167,549 66.96 –6.42
Abstentions 82,664 33.04 +6.42
Registered voters 250,213
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 57,307 31.69 +7.40 2 +1
People's Party (PP) 47,947 26.51 –16.10 1 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 32,181 17.80 +3.82 1 +1
Equo
) 		21,331 11.80 –4.83 0 –1
Vox (Vox) 16,255 8.99 +8.78 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR+) 2,098 1.16 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
(PACMA) 		1,394 0.77 –0.01 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 385 0.21 +0.03 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 275 0.15 –0.03 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 199 0.11 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,460 0.81 +0.10
Total 180,832 4 ±0
Valid votes 180,832 98.63 –0.27
Invalid votes 2,512 1.37 +0.27
Votes cast / turnout 183,344 73.38 +2.76
Abstentions 66,495 26.62 –2.76
Registered voters 249,839
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 73,708 42.61 +4.27 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 42,010 24.29 +0.60 1 ±0
Equo
)1 		28,772 16.63 –3.40 1 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 24,180 13.98 –1.15 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
(PACMA) 		1,350 0.78 +0.12 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 425 0.25 –0.52 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 366 0.21 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 312 0.18 –0.02 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 304 0.18 –0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 250 0.14 +0.01 0 ±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln) 80 0.05 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,225 0.71 –0.13
Total 172,982 4 ±0
Valid votes 172,982 98.90 +0.05
Invalid votes 1,931 1.10 –0.05
Votes cast / turnout 174,913 70.62 –1.81
Abstentions 72,757 29.38 +1.81
Registered voters 247,670
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,941 38.34 –16.36 2 –1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 41,973 23.69 –7.40 1 ±0
We Can (Podemos) 28,073 15.84 New 1 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 26,812 15.13 New 0 ±0
United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 7,423 4.19 –0.21 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,361 0.77 –5.19 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
(PACMA) 		1,177 0.66 +0.21 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 362 0.20 –0.36 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 360 0.20 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 229 0.13 –0.09 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,496 0.84 –0.77
Total 177,207 4 ±0
Valid votes 177,207 98.85 +0.43
Invalid votes 2,062 1.15 –0.43
Votes cast / turnout 179,269 72.43 –0.35
Abstentions 68,238 27.57 +0.35
Registered voters 247,507
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 95,124 54.70 +5.19 3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 54,066 31.09 –12.54 1 –1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 10,367 5.96 +4.68 0 ±0
United Left: Plural Left (IU) 7,995 4.60 +2.66 0 ±0
Equo
(Equo) 		1,626 0.93 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals
(PACMA) 		779 0.45 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 686 0.39 +0.27 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 380 0.22 +0.14 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 94 0.05 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,793 1.61 +0.51
Total 173,910 4 ±0
Valid votes 173,910 98.42 –0.88
Invalid votes 2,797 1.58 +0.88
Votes cast / turnout 176,707 72.78 –6.51
Abstentions 66,093 27.22 +6.51
Registered voters 242,800
Sources[9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 93,104 49.51 –0.43 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 82,032 43.63 –0.34 2 ±0
United Left (IU) 3,647 1.94 –0.82 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 2,837 1.51 New 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,405 1.28 New 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 853 0.45 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 221 0.12 New 0 ±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 214 0.11 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 150 0.08 New 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 102 0.05 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 72 0.04 –0.19 0 ±0
National Democracy (DN) 72 0.04 –0.03 0 ±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 61 0.03 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 60 0.03 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 48 0.03 New 0 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 39 0.02 New 0 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 37 0.02 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 11 0.01 –0.02 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,068 1.10 –0.97
Total 188,033 4 ±0
Valid votes 188,033 99.30 +0.08
Invalid votes 1,328 0.70 –0.08
Votes cast / turnout 189,361 79.29 –0.17
Abstentions 49,447 20.71 +0.17
Registered voters 238,808
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 92,441 49.94 –4.16 2 –1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 81,390 43.97 +9.10 2 +1
United Left (IU) 5,115 2.76 –1.26 0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 926 0.50 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 434 0.23 New 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 272 0.15 +0.07 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 253 0.14 New 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 154 0.08 +0.02 0 ±0
National Democracy (DN) 123 0.07 New 0 ±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 101 0.05 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 63 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,827 2.07 +0.15
Total 185,099 4 ±0
Valid votes 185,099 99.22 –0.02
Invalid votes 1,446 0.78 +0.02
Votes cast / turnout 186,545 79.46 +5.25
Abstentions 48,231 20.54 –5.25
Registered voters 234,776
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 91,810 54.10 +4.69 3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives (PSOE–p) 59,171 34.87 –1.78 1 –1
United Left (IU) 6,830 4.02 –4.69 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 6,155 3.63 +0.23 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 1,709 1.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 139 0.08 New 0 ±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 131 0.08 –0.18 0 ±0
Movement for Humanist Socialism (MASH) 121 0.07 New 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 104 0.06 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 79 0.05 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 79 0.05 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 56 0.03 New 0 ±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 46 0.03 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,265 1.92 +0.45
Total 169,695 4 ±0
Valid votes 169,695 99.24 –0.16
Invalid votes 1,302 0.76 +0.16
Votes cast / turnout 170,997 74.21 –6.71
Abstentions 59,430 25.79 +6.71
Registered voters 230,427
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 88,069 49.41 +3.15 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 65,311 36.65 –0.95 2 ±0
United Left–La Rioja (IU) 15,530 8.71 +1.75 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 6,065 3.40 –1.02 0 ±0
Centrist Union (UC) 472 0.26 –1.86 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 167 0.09 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,612 1.47 +0.22
Total 178,226 4 ±0
Valid votes 178,226 99.40 –0.04
Invalid votes 1,080 0.60 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 179,306 80.92 +0.92
Abstentions 42,277 19.08 –0.92
Registered voters 221,583
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 78,792 46.26 +5.17 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 64,037 37.60 –2.10 2 ±0
United Left–La Rioja (IU) 11,850 6.96 +0.54 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 7,532 4.42 New 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3,609 2.12 –5.06 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 996 0.58 New 0 ±0
The Ecologists (LE) 493 0.29 –0.99 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 432 0.25 –0.98 0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 142 0.08 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 82 0.05 New 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS) 76 0.04 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 73 0.04 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 71 0.04 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,125 1.25 +0.05
Total 170,310 4 ±0
Valid votes 170,310 99.44 +0.33
Invalid votes 967 0.56 –0.33
Votes cast / turnout 171,277 80.00 +7.96
Abstentions 42,807 20.00 –7.96
Registered voters 214,084
Sources[9]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 60,737 41.09 +1.87 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 58,678 39.70 –4.22 2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 10,620 7.18 –2.90 0 ±0
United Left (IU) 9,495 6.42 +4.42 0 ±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 1,893 1.28 New 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 1,823 1.23 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 848 0.57 New 0 ±0
Social Democratic Coalition (CSD) 769 0.52 New 0 ±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 679 0.46 –0.57 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 271 0.18 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 220 0.15 –0.10 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,775 1.20 +0.28
Total 147,808 4 ±0
Valid votes 147,808 99.11 +1.07
Invalid votes 1,326 0.89 –1.07
Votes cast / turnout 149,134 72.04 –2.27
Abstentions 57,875 27.96 +2.27
Registered voters 207,009
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 65,151 43.92 +0.47 2 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 58,177 39.22 –2.31 2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 14,953 10.08 +6.38 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 2,961 2.00 +0.40 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 2,824 1.90 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,531 1.03 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 524 0.35 +0.06 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 372 0.25 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 284 0.19 +0.12 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 190 0.13 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,361 0.92 +0.22
Total 148,328 4 ±0
Valid votes 148,328 98.04 +0.52
Invalid votes 2,968 1.96 –0.52
Votes cast / turnout 151,296 74.31 –9.79
Abstentions 52,308 25.69 +9.79
Registered voters 203,604
Sources[9]
Footnotes:
totals in the 1982 election.

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 67,781 43.45 +14.32 2 +1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP–PDP
)1 		64,778 41.53 +27.66 2 +2
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 11,545 7.40 –40.64 0 –3
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 5,774 3.70 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 2,491 1.60 –1.97 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 902 0.58 New 0 ±0
New Force (FN)2 669 0.43 –0.73 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 445 0.29 New 0 ±
Carlist Party (PC) 224 0.14 –0.29 0 ±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC) 184 0.12 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 116 0.07 New 0 ±0
Riojan Left Coordinator (CIR) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,086 0.70 +0.12
Total 155,995 100.00 4 ±0
Valid votes 155,995 97.52 –1.25
Invalid votes 3,971 2.48 +1.25
Votes cast / turnout 159,966 84.10 +10.79
Abstentions 30,238 15.90 –10.79
Registered voters 190,204
Sources[9]
Footnotes:
totals in the 1979 election.

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Logroño
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 64,735 48.04 +6.69 3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 39,245 29.13 +0.52 1 ±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 18,686 13.87 –0.60 0 –1
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 4,810 3.57 +0.78 0 ±0
National Union (UN) 1,569 1.16 New 0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)3 1,546 1.15 –0.29 0 ±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4 1,053 0.78 +0.05 0 ±0
Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 982 0.73 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 583 0.43 New 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 462 0.34 New 0 ±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 274 0.20 New 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 148 0.11 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 646 0.48 +0.12
Total 134,739 4 ±0
Valid votes 134,739 98.77 +0.74
Invalid votes 1,680 1.23 –0.74
Votes cast / turnout 136,419 73.31 –10.76
Abstentions 49,678 26.69 +10.76
Registered voters 186,097
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Logroño
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 56,917 41.35
n/a
 		2 n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 36,186 26.29 n/a 1 n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 19,925 14.47 n/a 1 n/a
Riojan Independent Candidacy (CIR) 5,682 4.13 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 3,846 2.79 n/a 0 n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPD–ID) 3,593 2.61 n/a 0 n/a
People's Socialist Party–Socialist Unity (PSP–US) 3,188 2.32 n/a 0 n/a
Riojan Independent Group (GIR) 2,399 1.74 n/a 0 n/a
Workers' Electoral Group (AET) 1,986 1.44 n/a 0 n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) 1,936 1.41 n/a 0 n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 1,006 0.73 n/a 0 n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 639 0.46 n/a 0 n/a
Blank ballots 356 0.26 n/a
Total 137,659 4 n/a
Valid votes 137,659 98.03 n/a
Invalid votes 2,770 1.97 n/a
Votes cast / turnout 140,429 84.07 n/a
Abstentions 26,601 15.93 n/a
Registered voters 167,030
Sources[9]

References

  1. ISSN 0212-033X
    .
  2. ^ Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política (Law 1) (in Spanish). 4 January 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. ^ a b Constitución Española (in Spanish). 29 December 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. ^ a b Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. ^ a b Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 19 June 1985. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. ISSN 0212-033X
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

42°15′N 2°30′W / 42.250°N 2.500°W / 42.250; -2.500

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