Lessepsian migration
The Lessepsian migration (also called Erythrean invasion) is the
The migration of invasive species through the Suez Canal from the Indo-Pacific region has been facilitated by many factors, both abiotic and anthropogenic, and presents significant implications for the ecological health and economic stability of the contaminated areas; of particular concern is the fisheries industry in the Eastern Mediterranean. Despite these threats, the phenomenon has allowed scientists to study an invasive event on a large scale in a short period of time, which usually takes hundreds of years in natural conditions.
In a wider context, the term Lessepsian migration is also used to describe any animal migration facilitated by man-made structures, i.e. one which would not have occurred had it not been for the presence of an artificial structure.
Background
The opening of the Suez Canal created the first saltwater passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Constructed in 1869 to provide a more direct trade route from Europe to India and the Far East, the canal is 162.5 km (101.0 mi) long, with a depth of 10–15 m (33–49 ft) and a width varying between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft).[1]
Because the surface of the Red Sea is slightly higher in elevation than the Eastern Mediterranean, the canal serves as a
The Red Sea is a profusely abundant tropical marine environment sharing species in common with the eastern Indo-Pacific region, while the Mediterranean is a temperate sea with much lower productivity; the two ecosystems are extremely different in terms of structure and ecology.[1] The Suez Canal quickly became the main pathway for the introduction of invasive species into the Eastern Mediterranean, having zoogeographic and ecological consequences far beyond what the designers could foresee. The Lessepsian migration includes hundreds of Red Sea and Indo-Pacific species that have colonized and established themselves in the Eastern Mediterranean system, causing biogeographic changes without precedent in human memory.[3] The trend is accelerating: to take just the fish, a long-term cross-Basin survey engaged by the Mediterranean Science Commission recently documented that in the first twenty years of our century more exotic fish species from the Indo-Pacific Ocean had reached the Mediterranean than during the entire 20th century.[4]
To this day, one can estimate at over 1,000 the number of species - both vertebrates and invertebrates - native to the Red Sea that have been identified in the Mediterranean Sea. Many others are as yet unidentified. From there they have spread even further afield, supplying 95% of
Ecological impacts
Outcompetition of natives
Native Argyrosomus regius vs. invasive Scomberomorus commerson
A wide-ranging species in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, the meagre
Native Melicertus kerathurus vs. invasive prawns
Eight species of invasive
Parasitic invaders
The invasion of new Red Sea species into the Mediterranean has also facilitated the invasion of their associated parasites, for example the
Sometimes, the invasion of these parasites may have the effect of reducing the competitive advantages that Red Sea invaders have in the Mediterranean. For example, the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis longicollis was first recorded in the Mediterranean in the mid-1950s and became dominant in silty and sandy substrates off the coast of Israel, making up to 70% of the total biomass in these habitats. Until 1992, none of the specimens collected was infected with the parasite Heterosaccus dollfusi, but in that year, a few infected crabs were collected. The parasite is a barnacle which desexes its host. Within three years, the parasite had spread to southern Turkey and 77% of the crabs collected in Haifa Bay were infected. This rapid increase and high infection rate is attributed to the extremely high population density of the host and the year-round reproduction of the parasite. One effect of this was that the population of the Mediterranean native swimming crab Liocarcinus vernalis recovered somewhat.[10]
Species displacements
Food web phase shift
The marbled spinefoot (
Anti-Lessepsian migration
Only a comparatively few species have colonised the Red Sea from the Mediterranean, and these are referred to as anti-Lessepsian migrants. As the predominant flow of the canal is from south to north, this acts against the southward movement of Mediterranean species, and as stated above, the Red Sea has higher salinity, fewer nutrients, and a much more diverse biota than the Eastern Mediterranean. Some of the anti-Lessepsian migrants such as the
The
Factors facilitating Lessepsian migrant colonisation and expansion
Aswan Dam
Impact of Lessepsian migrants on system may be heavier due to a major
Climate change
With climate change and the warming of seawater temperature, the
Other examples
North America
The sea lamprey reached Lake Ontario from the Atlantic Ocean through shipping canals and was recorded for the first time in Lake Ontario in the 1830s, but Niagara Falls was a barrier to their further spread. The deepening of the Welland Canal in 1919 allowed the sea lamprey to bypass the barrier created by the falls, and by 1938, sea lampreys had been recorded in all of the Great Lakes.[21]
The
Europe
The
Panama
A small number of species have used the
Shipping containers
Shipping containers that fall off cargo ships can provide a new habitat for invasive species, in the same manner as an artificial reef. The ocean floor along shipping lanes is often devoid of hard surfaces needed by some species, and it is theorised that lost containers could act as stepping stones that invasive species could use to travel to new harbours.[26]
See also
- List of Lessepsian migrants
References
- ^ a b Golani, Daniel (1998). "Impact of Red Sea fish migrants through the Suez Canal on the aquatic environment of the Eastern Mediterranean". Bulletin Series Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (103): 375–387.
- ^ a b c "Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration". Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I. Pierre Madl. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ ISSN 1387-3547.
- ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (Briand, Frederic, Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.[1]
- ISSN 1543-592X.
- ^ Galil, B. S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Leppäkoski, E. et al. (2002). Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management. pp. 325–36.
- ^ Psomadakis, P.N.; Scacco, U.; Consalvo, I.; Bottaro, M.; Leone, F.; Vacchi, M. (2 February 2008). "New records of the lessepsian fish Fistularia commersonii (Osteichthyes: Fistulariidae) from the central Tyrrhenian Sea: signs of an incoming colonization?" (PDF). JMBA2 Biodiversity Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.
- ^ PMID 17222869.
- ISBN 978-9400918764.
- ^ Bella S. Galil (2000). "Lessepsian immigration: Human impact on Leventine Biogeography". In J. Carel von Vaupel Klein (ed.). The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea – Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress Crustacean Issues. CRC Press. pp. 50–51.
- ^ "Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean". www.fao.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- .
- ISSN 1543-5938.
- ^ C.J., George; V., Athanassiou (1967). "A two year study of the fishes appearing in the seine fishery of St. George Bay, Lebanon". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria.
- hdl:2066/177049.
- .
- ^ J.C. Hureau (ed.). "Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean Rock goby (Gobius paganellus)". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ "Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801)". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- S2CID 225432110.
- ^ Bruno Chanet; Martine Desoutter-Meniger; Sergey V. Bogorodsky (2012). "Range extension of Egyptian sole Solea aegyptiaca (Soleidae: Pleuronectiformes), in the Red Sea" (PDF). Cybium. 36 (4): 581–584.
- ^ "Sea Lamprey: The Battle Continues". Regents of the University of Minnesota. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Alosa pseudoharengus" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
- ^ Fuller, P.; E. Maynard; D. Raikow; J. Larson; A. Fusaro; M. Neilson; and A. Bartos (2021). "Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811)". U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- .
- S2CID 83502110.
- ^ Joyce, Christopher (1 April 2011). "Lost, Then Found: Shipping Containers On Seafloor". NPR.
External links
- The dictionary definition of Lessepsian at Wiktionary