Lin Daoqian
Lin Daoqian | |
---|---|
林道乾 | |
Born | 16th century Ming China |
Died | 1580s ? |
Occupation | Pirate |
Lin Daoqian (Chinese: 林道乾; pinyin: Lín Dàoqián; Wade–Giles: Lin Tao-ch'ien; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm tō-khiân, Malay: Tok Kayan, Thai: ลิ้มโต๊ะเคี่ยม), also written as Lim Toh Khiam and Vintoquián,[1][2][3] was a Chinese pirate of Teochew origin active in the 16th century. He led pirate attacks along the coast of Guangdong and Fujian, but they were driven to Taiwan by the Ming dynasty navy commanded by Yu Dayou. He later moved to South East Asia, and settled in Patani where he established a significant presence. He died in Patani.[4]
Life
Lin was of
By 1567, he was again raiding along the coast of China, and in 1568, and the Ming authority placed a bounty on Lin in an attempt to capture him.[9] Lin was reported to have 5,000 followers in July 1569.[10] Lin was known to have operated in Champa and Luzon in the Philippines; he fled to Luzon after he was defeated by Li You (李佑).[1] At some point he was said to have been attacked by another pirate chief Lin Feng, who captured 55 of his ships.[11] The Ming authority attempted to recruit Lin in their fight against the pirates, but Ming records state that Lin was "most crafty and cunning",[12] and would alternately rebel and swear allegiance to the Ming authority.[13] It was reported in 1573 that he had rebelled, and fled to find sanctuary in a foreign country.[14] He settled in Pulo Condore in 1574.[10]
By the first half of 1570s, Lin was already operating in the Patani area, and the Ming authority joined force with the Siamese navy as well as using Portuguese ships to combat the pirates.[15] In 1578, he established a base in Patani with 2,000 followers, and they dominated the town for some time.[16] Ming sources indicate that he attacked Siamese ships but was repelled in 1578, and in 1580 he again attacked Siam but also left Siam later that year.[17] The Ming authorities tried to capture him while he continued to launch raids against Chinese ships in 1580–81. After 1581 there were no further reports of his piratical activity in Ming sources, suggesting he had retired from raiding and settled in Patani.[15]
In Patani, Lin obtained a fief and briefly established a small port near Patani. He was said to have become the head of customs while members of his band gained prominence in the service of
Lore and legends
In Taiwan
There are a number of myths and legends about Lin in Taiwan, although historical sources give varying accounts of his presence of Taiwan and it is not clear where he had actually stayed, or if he was there. According to Taiwanese legends, Lin slaughtered many of the natives in Taiwan, using their blood as
In Patani
The Teochew people of Thailand tell a number of stories about Lin. In one, he was said to have helped the Siamese fight off an Annam attack and was thus given the daughter of the king to marry; however, he later angered the king after making a joke about killing the king, and had to flee.[19] Another story involves the legend of Lim Ko Niao, said to be his sister in this account. Lin Guniang tried to persuade her brother to return to China with her after finding that her brother had married the local princess of Patani, and converted to Islam as well as building a mosque in Kru Se, Patani. However he refused to return, and she then committed suicide by hanging from a janggus tree.[10][20] Her gravestone, located next to the Krue Se Mosque, is said to have been built by her brother but probably actually created in the early 20th century. A shrine in her name exists in Patani and she is worshipped by some Chinese people in southern Thailand and from other countries.[7][24][25]
According to Phongsawadan muang pattani (Chronicle of Pattani), he attempted to cast three bronze cannons to be used in the wars of Patani. After several failures with the third and largest cannon, he offered to sacrifice himself should his attempt be successful, and was blown up while testing this cannon.[19] A 19th century Chinese account claims that the ruler of Patani was his descendant.[26]
Legacy
It is thought that Lin's activity in the area may have influenced the migration of Teochew people to Thailand in later years.[5] A large number of Chinese people had already settled in Patani by early 17th century; Dutch merchant Olivier van Noort mentioned meeting a group of traders from Patani in Brunei in 1601 and that their community in Patani was Chinese enough to have their own king and used the same laws as in China.[27] Another Dutch report of 1603 by Jacob van Neck estimated that there may be as many Chinese in Patani as there were native Malays.[28] Many Malays in Kru Se, Patani claim descent from Lin, although they may have been descendants of his followers who married local women.[19]
A cannon, the Phaya Tani cannon that some believed was made by Lin, was taken to Bangkok after Pattani was captured by Siam in 1785 and is now placed in front of the Ministry of Defence in Bangkok.[29] The cannon is used in Pattani as a symbol of the province. A replica of Phaya Tani was created and placed in front of Krue Se Mosque in Pattani in 2013, but it was damaged by separatists who saw it as 'faked' and wanted the return of the actual cannon.[30][31]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-9888028115.
- S2CID 144925824.
- ^ 許雲樵 (1946). 北大年史. 南洋編譯所. pp. 111–121.
- ^ ISBN 978-9812304179.
- ^ ISBN 9789814578448.
- ISBN 9781136171192.
- ^ a b Tamaki, Mitsuko (December 2007). "The prevalence of the worship of Goddess Lin Guniang by the ethnic Chinese in southern Thailand" (PDF). G-SEC Working Paper. 22.
- ISBN 978-981-10-2248-7.
- ^ "Long-qing: Year 2, Month 9, Day 29". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
- ^ a b c d Francis R. Bradley (2008). "Piracy, Smuggling, and Trade in the Rise of Patani, 1490–1600" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 96: 27–50.
- ^ Mendoza's Historie of the Kingdome of China, Volume 2. 1854. p. 7.
- ^ "LLong-qing: Year 3, Month 7, Day 23". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
- ^ "Long-qing: Year 3, Month 6, Day 1". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
- ^ "Wan-li: Year 1, Month 5, Day 14". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
- ^ ISBN 978-9971696351.
- ISBN 978-9971696351.
- S2CID 162645676.
- ^ Bougas, Wayne A. (1994). The Kingdom of Patani: Between Thai and Malay Mandalas. Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. p. 45.
- ^ ISBN 9782855396507.
- ^ .
- ^ Camille Imbault-Huart (1893). L'île Formose : histoire et description. p. 5.
- ^ 呂自揚. "林道乾傳說". Kaohsiung Stories.
- ISBN 9789573272069.
- ISBN 978-9971696351.
- ^ "ตำนานเจ้าแม่ลิ้มกอเหนี่ยว". Pattani Heritage City.
- ISBN 978-9971696351.
- ISBN 978-9971696351.
- ISBN 978-9971696351.
- .
- ^ Veera Prateepchaikul (14 June 2013). "Time to return the Phaya Tani cannon". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "Phaya Tani replica cannon bombed". Bangkok Post. 11 June 2013.