List of Mars landers
The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2022, 21 lander missions and 8 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 21 landers, the
Perseverance rover, and Tianwen-1
are currently in operation on Mars.
Mars landers
S.No | Landers | Launch date | Landing date | Mass (kg)[1] | Landing site | Region | Status | Country | MOLA | Entry velocity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Mars 2MV-3 No.1 | 04 Nov 1962 | 25 Nov 1962 | 890 | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [2] |
2. | Mars 2 | 19 May 1971 | 27 Nov 1971 | 1210 | 45°S 47°E♦ | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [3][4] |
3. | Mars 3 | 28 May 1971 | 02 Dec 1971 | 1210 | 45°S 202°E♦ | Sirenum Terra | Partial success | Soviet Union | - | 5.7 km/sec | [5][4] |
4. | Mars 6 | 05 Aug 1973 | 12 Mar 1974 | 635 | 23.90°S 19.4°W | Margaritifer Terra | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [6][4] |
5. | Mars 7 | 09 Aug 1973 | - | 635 | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [7][4] |
6. | Viking 1 | 20 Aug 1975 | 20 Jul 1976 | 572 | 22.27°N 47.95°W | Chryse Planitia | Success | USA | -3.5 | 4.61 km/sec | [8] |
7. | Viking 2 | 09 Sep 1975 | 03 Sep 1976 | 572 | 47.64°N 225.71°W | Utopia Planitia | Success | USA | -3.5 | 4.61 km/sec | [9] |
8. | Phobos 1§ | 07 Jul 1988 | - | 2600† | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [10] |
9. | Phobos 2§ | 12 Jul 1987 | - | 2600† | - | - | Failure | Soviet Union | - | - | [10] |
10. | Mars 96 | 16 Nov 1996 | - | 3159 | - | - | Failure | Russia | - | - | [11] |
11. | Mars Pathfinder | 04 Dec 1996 | 04 Jul 1997 | 361 | 19°7′48″ N 33°18′12″W | Ares Vallis | Success | USA | -2.5 | 7.26 km/sec | [12][13] |
12. | Mars Polar Lander | 03 Jan 1999 | 03 Dec 1999 | 583 | 76°S 195°W | Ultimi Scopuli
|
Failure | USA | -3.0 | 6.91 km/sec | [14][15] |
13. | Beagle 2 | 02 Jun 2003 | 25 Dec 2003 | 33.2 | 11.5265°N 90.4295°E | Isidis Planitia | Failure | United Kingdom | - | 5.63 km/sec | [16][17] |
14. | Spirit rover | 10 Jun 2003 | 4 Jan 2004 | 174 | 14.5684°S 175.4726°E | Gusev Crater | Success | USA | -1.9 | 5.4 km/sec | [18][19][20] |
15. | Opportunity rover | 07 Jul 2003 | 25 Jan 2004 | 174 | 1.9462°S 354.4743°E | Meridiani Planum | Success | USA | -1.4 | 5.5 km/sec | [18][21][20] |
16. | Phoenix lander | 04 Aug 2007 | 25 May 2008 | 350 | 68.22°N 125.7°W | Vastitas Borealis | Success | USA | -3.5 | 5.59 km/sec | [12] |
17. | Curiosity rover | 26 Nov 2011 | 6 Aug 2012 | 899 | 4.5895°S 137.4417°E | Gale Crater | Operational | USA | 2.0 | 5.6 km/sec | [22][23][20] |
18. | Schiaparelli EDM
|
14 Mar 2016 | 19 Oct 2016 | 577 | 2.052°S 6.208°W | Meridiani Planum | Failure | ESA/ Russia | 1.45 | 5.83 km/sec | [24] |
19. | InSight Mars Lander | 5 May 2018 | 26 Nov 2018 | 727 | 4.5°N 135.9°E | Elysium Planitia | Success | USA | -2.5 | 6.3 km/sec | [25] |
20. | Perseverance rover
|
30 Jul 2020 | 18 Feb 2021 | 1,025 | 18.4447°N 77.4508°E | Jezero crater
|
Operational | USA | - | - | [26] |
21. | Tianwen-1 | 23 July 2020 | 14 May 2021 | 240 | 25.1°N, 109.7°E | Utopia Planitia | Success | China | - | 4.8 km/sec | [27] |
§ - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated, MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
S.No | Sub-Landers | Type | Lander Slot | Launch Date | Mass (kg) | Status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | PrOP-M | Rover | Mars 2 | 19 May 1971 | 4.5 | Failure | [3][4] |
2. | PrOP-M | Rover | Mars 3 | 28 May 1971 | 4.5 | Not deployed | [4][5] |
3. | Mars 96 | Penetrator | Mars 96 | 16 Nov 1996 | 88 | Failure | [11] |
4. | Deep Space 2 | Penetrator | Mars Polar Lander | 03 Jan 1999 | 2.4 | Failure | [14][15] |
5. | Sojourner | Rover | Mars Pathfinder | 04 Dec 1996 | 11.5 | Success | [12][13] |
6. | Mars helicopter Ingenuity
|
UAV Helicopter | Perseverance rover
|
30 Jul 2021 | 1.8 | Success | |
7. | Zhurong | Rover | Tianwen-1 | 23 Jul 2021 | 240 | Success | |
8. | Tianwen-1 Remote camera | Camera | Zhurong rover | 1 June 2021 | <1 | Success |
Future proposed Mars lander missions
Lander | Proposed Launch | Country | Agency | Type | Sub-Lander | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mars MetNet Precursor | ? | Finland | FMI | Impact Lander | - | [28] |
Mars MetNet | ? | Finland | FMI | Multi-lander | - | [29] |
Mars Lander | 2045 | South Korea | KARI | Lander | - | [30] |
Icebreaker | 2026 | US | NASA | Lander | - | [31] |
Martian Moons Exploration
|
2026 | Japan | JAXA | Lander | Sample Return | [32] |
Phootprint | 2024 | Europe | ESA | Lander | Ascent Stage | [33] |
Fobos-Grunt (Repeat) | 2024 | Russia | ROSCOSMOS | Lander | Ascent Stage | [34] |
Mars-Grunt | 2024 | Russia | ROSCOSMOS | Lander | - | [1] |
BOLD | 2020 | US | NASA | Impact Lander | 6-Impact Lander | [35] |
See also
- List of artificial objects on Mars
- Lists of spacecraft
References
- ^ arXiv:1809.00062 [physics.pop-ph].
- .
- ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ a b c d e f Perminov, V. G. (1999). The difficult road to Mars: a brief history of Mars exploration in the Soviet Union.
- ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ a b "Phobos Project Information". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ ISBN 9781441978974
- ^ S2CID 117853853.
- ^ a b Nilsen, E. N. (2012). Exploring Mars: an overview
- ^ doi:10.2514/2.3456.
- ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ISBN 978-1-62410-100-7.
- PMID 11541818.
- ^ a b mars.nasa.gov. "Newsroom". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ "GeoHack - Spirit rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ a b c Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (gatech.edu)
- ^ "GeoHack - Opportunity rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Summary | Rover". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ mars.nasa.gov. "News". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ Greicius, Tony (2015-02-23). "InSight Mars Lander | Missions". NASA. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ "Mission Overview". NASA Mars. NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ @sklplanets (May 15, 2021). "Succesful [sic] landing of #Tianwen1, on #Mars! Landing point: 109.7 E, 25.1 N, less than 40 km from target location in Utopia Planitia. More details expected later!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-05-15 – via Twitter.
- Bibcode:2008epsc.conf..361H.
- ISBN 978-1-60086-936-5.
- ^ Park, Si-soo (19 November 2022). "South Korean leader eyes "landing on moon in 2032, Mars in 2045". SpaceNews.
- PMID 23560417.
- ^ Miyamoto, Hirdly (17 March 2016). "Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos" (PDF). NASA MEPAG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- S2CID 124416846.
- .
- .