List of sovereign states by research and development spending
This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in
According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]
According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]
According to the
List
The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by
Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.
Country/Territory/Region/Group | Population | WB | UNECE | OECD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(source: UN or official state figures) | Year | (% of GDP) | Year | (% of GDP) | Year | (% of GDP) | Year | (mil. USD) | Year | (USD per capita) | |
Angola | 34,094,077 | 2023 | 0.03% | 2016 | |||||||
Albania | 2,761,785 | 2023 | 0.15% | 2008 | |||||||
United Arab Emirates
|
9,282,410 | 2020 | 1.50% | 2021 | |||||||
Argentina | 46,654,581 | 2023 | 0.52% | 2021 | 0.52% | 2021 | 4288.02 | 2021 | 92 | ||
Armenia | 2,981,200 | 2023 | 0.21% | 2021 | 0.21% | 2021 | |||||
American Samoa | 49,710 | 2020 | 0.40% | 2006 | |||||||
Australia | 26,461,912 | 2023 | 1.83% | 2019 | 1.80% | 2019 | 21738.74 | 2019 | 822 | ||
Austria | 9,159,993 | 2024 | 3.26% | 2021 | 3.19% | 2020 | 3.26% | 2021 | 14885.40 | 2021 | 1,625 |
Azerbaijan | 10,151,517 | 2023 | 0.21% | 2021 | 0.21% | 2021 | |||||
Burundi | 12,837,740 | 2022 | 0.21% | 2018 | |||||||
Belgium | 11,810,018 | 2023 | 3.43% | 2021 | 3.46% | 2020 | 3.43% | 2021 | 19249.36 | 2021 | 1,630 |
Burkina Faso | 22,752,315 | 2023 | 0.25% | 2021 | |||||||
Bulgaria | 6,447,710 | 2022 | 0.77% | 2021 | 0.85% | 2020 | |||||
Bahrain | 1,577,059 | 2023 | 0.10% | 2014 | |||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,277,082 | 2022 | 0.19% | 2021 | 0.19% | 2021 | |||||
Belarus | 9,200,617 | 2023 | 0.46% | 2021 | 0.47% | 2021 | |||||
Bermuda | 64,055 | 2021 | 0.23% | 2020 | |||||||
Bolivia | 12,006,031 | 2022 | 0.16% | 2009 | |||||||
Brazil | 203,080,756 | 2022 | 1.15% | 2020 | |||||||
Brunei | 445,400 | 2022 | 0.28% | 2018 | |||||||
Botswana | 2,410,338 | 2021 | 0.56% | 2013 | |||||||
Canada | 40,528,396 | 2023 | 1.70% | 2021 | 1.70% | 2020 | 1.55% | 2022 | 29313.56 | 2022 | 723 |
Switzerland | 8,931,306 | 2023 | 3.36% | 2021 | 3.19% | 2019 | 3.36% | 2021 | 19885.57 | 2021 | 2,227 |
Chile | 19,960,889 | 2023 | 0.33% | 2020 | 0.33% | 2020 | 1377.39 | 2020 | 69 | ||
China | 1,409,670,000 | 2023 | 2.43% | 2021 | 2.43% | 2021 | 620103.38 | 2021 | 440 | ||
Ivory Coast | 29,389,150 | 2021 | 0.07% | 2016 | |||||||
DR Congo
|
95,370,000 | 2019 | 0.41% | 2015 | |||||||
Colombia | 52,215,503 | 2023 | 0.29% | 2020 | 0.29% | 2020 | 1835.89 | 2020 | 35 | ||
Cape Verde | 491,233 | 2021 | 0.07% | 2011 | |||||||
Costa Rica | 5,262,225 | 2023 | 0.28% | 2021 | 0.28% | 2021 | 276.19 | 2021 | 52 | ||
Cuba | 11,089,511 | 2022 | 0.52% | 2020 | |||||||
Cyprus | 918,100 | 2021 | 0.83% | 2021 | 0.81% | 2020 | |||||
Czech Republic
|
10,882,235 | 2023 | 2.00% | 2021 | 1.99% | 2020 | 2.00% | 2021 | 8007.91 | 2021 | 736 |
Germany | 84,607,016 | 2023 | 3.14% | 2021 | 3.11% | 2020 | 3.13% | 2021 | 129348.45 | 2021 | 1,529 |
Denmark | 5,961,249 | 2024 | 2.81% | 2021 | 2.97% | 2020 | 2.76% | 2021 | 8818.40 | 2021 | 1,479 |
Algeria | 45,400,000 | 2022 | 0.53% | 2017 | |||||||
Ecuador | 16,938,986 | 2022 | 0.44% | 2014 | |||||||
Egypt | 104,462,545 | 2023 | 0.91% | 2021 | |||||||
Spain | 48,592,909 | 2024 | 1.43% | 2021 | 1.41% | 2020 | 1.43% | 2021 | 24006.51 | 2021 | 494 |
Estonia | 1,366,491 | 2024 | 1.75% | 2021 | 1.75% | 2020 | 1.75% | 2021 | 848.70 | 2021 | 621 |
Ethiopia | 107,334,000 | 2023 | 0.27% | 2017 | |||||||
Finland | 5,574,011 | 2023 | 2.99% | 2021 | 2.91% | 2020 | 2.99% | 2021 | 7607.10 | 2021 | 1,365 |
France | 68,373,000 | 2024 | 2.22% | 2021 | 2.35% | 2020 | 2.22% | 2021 | 63751.58 | 2021 | 932 |
Faroe Islands
|
54,547 | 2023 | 0.85% | 2003 | |||||||
Gabon | 2,233,272 | 2021 | 0.58% | 2009 | |||||||
United Kingdom
|
67,026,292 | 2021 | 2.91% | 2021 | 1.72% | 2019 | 2.91% | 2021 | 83706.92 | 2021 | 1,249 |
Georgia | 3,736,400 | 2023 | 0.25% | 2021 | 0.25% | 2021 | |||||
Ghana | 30,832,019 | 2021 | 0.38% | 2010 | |||||||
Gambia
|
2,417,471 | 2022 | 0.07% | 2018 | |||||||
Greece | 10,413,982 | 2023 | 1.46% | 2021 | 1.50% | 2020 | 1.46% | 2021 | 4336.30 | 2021 | 416 |
Greenland | 56,865 | 2023 | 0.65% | 2004 | |||||||
Guatemala | 17,602,431 | 2023 | 0.06% | 2021 | |||||||
Guam | 153,836 | 2020 | 0.26% | 2005 | |||||||
Hong Kong | 7,498,100 | 2023 | 0.97% | 2021 | |||||||
Honduras | 9,745,149 | 2023 | 0.06% | 2019 | |||||||
Croatia | 3,855,641 | 2022 | 1.24% | 2021 | 1.24% | 2020 | |||||
Hungary | 9,597,085 | 2023 | 1.64% | 2021 | 1.59% | 2020 | 1.64% | 2021 | 5219.98 | 2021 | 544 |
Indonesia | 279,118,866 | 2023 | 0.28% | 2020 | |||||||
India | 1,392,329,000 | 2023 | 0.65% | 2020 | 42 | ||||||
Ireland
|
5,281,600 | 2023 | 1.13% | 2021 | 1.23% | 2020 | 1.11% | 2021 | 5636.94 | 2021 | 1,067 |
Iran | 84,055,000 | 2022 | 0.79% | 2019 | |||||||
Iraq | 43,324,000 | 2023 | 0.04% | 2021 | |||||||
Iceland | 396,960 | 2023 | 2.81% | 2021 | 2.47% | 2020 | 2.81% | 2021 | 522.67 | 2021 | 1,317 |
Israel | 9,842,000 | 2023 | 5.56% | 2021 | 5.35% | 2020 | 5.56% | 2021 | 21031.65 | 2021 | 2,137 |
Italy | 58,919,345 | 2023 | 1.45% | 2021 | 1.53% | 2020 | 1.45% | 2021 | 33135.88 | 2021 | 562 |
Jamaica | 2,825,544 | 2019 | 0.06% | 2002 | |||||||
Jordan | 11,302,000 | 2022 | 0.70% | 2016 | |||||||
Japan | 124,090,000 | 2024 | 3.30% | 2021 | 3.30% | 2021 | 172062.49 | 2021 | 1,387 | ||
Kazakhstan | 20,033,546 | 2024 | 0.13% | 2021 | 0.13% | 2021 | |||||
Kenya | 51,526,000 | 2023 | 0.69% | 2010 | |||||||
Kyrgyzstan | 7,100,000 | 2023 | 0.08% | 2021 | 0.09% | 2020 | |||||
Cambodia | 17,091,464 | 2023 | 0.12% | 2015 | |||||||
South Korea | 51,439,038 | 2022 | 4.93% | 2021 | 4.93% | 2021 | 110148.08 | 2021 | 2,141 | ||
Kuwait | 4,670,713 | 2020 | 0.19% | 2020 | |||||||
Laos | 7,443,000 | 2022 | 0.04% | 2002 | |||||||
Saint Lucia | 178,696 | 2018 | 0.27% | 1999 | |||||||
Sri Lanka | 22,037,000 | 2023 | 0.12% | 2020 | |||||||
Lesotho | 2,306,000 | 2023 | 0.05% | 2015 | |||||||
Lithuania | 2,886,515 | 2024 | 1.11% | 2021 | 1.15% | 2020 | 1.11% | 2021 | 1146.70 | 2021 | 397 |
Luxembourg | 672,050 | 2023 | 1.04% | 2021 | 1.12% | 2020 | 1.04% | 2021 | 735.37 | 2021 | 1,113 |
Latvia | 1,872,500 | 2024 | 0.74% | 2021 | 0.69% | 2020 | 0.74% | 2021 | 420.07 | 2021 | 224 |
Macau | 681,300 | 2023 | 0.38% | 2021 | |||||||
Morocco | 37,022,000 | 2023 | 0.66% | 2010 | |||||||
Monaco | 39,050 | 2022 | 0.04% | 2005 | |||||||
Moldova | 2,512,758 | 2023 | 0.23% | 2021 | 0.23% | 2021 | |||||
Madagascar | 26,923,353 | 2021 | 0.01% | 2017 | |||||||
Mexico | 129,406,736 | 2023 | 0.30% | 2020 | 0.33% | 2017 | 7673.49 | 2017 | 59 | ||
North Macedonia | 1,832,696 | 2021 | 0.38% | 2021 | 0.38% | 2021 | |||||
Mali | 22,395,489 | 2022 | 0.17% | 2021 | |||||||
Malta | 519,562 | 2021 | 0.67% | 2021 | 0.67% | 2020 | |||||
Myanmar | 55,770,232 | 2022 | 0.15% | 2021 | |||||||
Montenegro | 616,695 | 2023 | 0.36% | 2019 | 0.36% | 2019 | |||||
Mongolia | 3,457,548 | 2022 | 0.13% | 2020 | |||||||
Mozambique | 32,419,747 | 2022 | 0.31% | 2015 | |||||||
Mauritania | 4,475,683 | 2023 | 0.01% | 2018 | |||||||
Mauritius | 1,261,041 | 2023 | 0.37% | 2021 | |||||||
Malaysia | 33,379,500 | 2023 | 0.95% | 2020 | |||||||
Namibia | 2,641,857 | 2023 | 0.35% | 2014 | |||||||
Nigeria | 216,783,381 | 2022 | 0.13% | 2007 | |||||||
Nicaragua | 6,733,763 | 2022 | 0.11% | 2015 | |||||||
Netherlands
|
17,947,684 | 2023 | 2.31% | 2021 | 2.30% | 2020 | 2.27% | 2021 | 21650.62 | 2021 | 1,206 |
Norway | 5,550,203 | 2023 | 1.94% | 2021 | 2.28% | 2020 | 1.94% | 2021 | 7008.90 | 2021 | 1,263 |
Nepal | 29,164,578 | 2021 | 0.30% | 2010 | |||||||
New Zealand | 5,305,600 | 2023 | 1.45% | 2021 | 1.47% | 2021 | 3060.20 | 2021 | 577 | ||
Oman | 5,113,071 | 2023 | 0.29% | 2021 | |||||||
Pakistan | 241,499,431 | 2023 | 0.16% | 2021 | |||||||
Panama | 4,337,406 | 2021 | 0.16% | 2021 | |||||||
Peru | 33,396,698 | 2022 | 0.17% | 2020 | |||||||
Philippines
|
112,892,781 | 2023 | 0.32% | 2018 | |||||||
Papua New Guinea | 11,781,559 | 2021 | 0.03% | 2016 | |||||||
Poland | 37,653,000 | 2023 | 1.44% | 2021 | 1.39% | 2020 | 1.43% | 2021 | 18309.58 | 2021 | 486 |
Puerto Rico | 3,205,691 | 2023 | 0.43% | 2015 | |||||||
Portugal | 10,467,366 | 2022 | 1.68% | 2021 | 1.61% | 2020 | 1.73% | 2022 | 6110.54 | 2022 | 584 |
Paraguay | 6,109,644 | 2022 | 0.16% | 2020 | |||||||
Palestine
|
5,483,450 | 2023 | 0.45% | 2013 | |||||||
Qatar | 2,656,032 | 2023 | 0.68% | 2021 | |||||||
Romania | 19,051,562 | 2023 | 0.47% | 2021 | 0.47% | 2020 | 0.47% | 2021 | 2531.10 | 2021 | 133 |
Russia | 146,424,729 | 2023 | 1.09% | 2020 | 1.09% | 2020 | 1.10% | 2020 | 40322.30 | 2020 | 275 |
Rwanda | 13,246,394 | 2022 | 0.76% | 2019 | |||||||
Saudi Arabia | 32,175,224 | 2022 | 0.45% | 2021 | |||||||
Sudan | 41,984,500 | 2018 | 0.22% | 2005 | |||||||
Senegal | 18,275,743 | 2023 | 0.58% | 2015 | |||||||
Singapore | 5,917,600 | 2023 | 2.16% | 2020 | 2.22% | 2020 | 11435.91 | 2020 | 1,933 | ||
El Salvador | 6,884,888 | 2022 | 0.16% | 2020 | |||||||
Serbia | 6,641,197 | 2023 | 0.99% | 2021 | 0.99% | 2021 | |||||
Slovakia | 5,426,468 | 2023 | 0.92% | 2021 | 0.90% | 2020 | 0.92% | 2021 | 1692.63 | 2021 | 312 |
Slovenia | 2,123,103 | 2023 | 2.13% | 2021 | 2.14% | 2020 | 2.13% | 2021 | 1683.49 | 2021 | 793 |
Sweden | 10,551,707 | 2023 | 3.42% | 2021 | 3.49% | 2020 | 3.40% | 2021 | 18504.33 | 2021 | 1,754 |
Eswatini | 1,223,362 | 2023 | 0.27% | 2015 | |||||||
Seychelles | 100,447 | 2022 | 0.22% | 2016 | |||||||
Syria | 22,923,000 | 2021 | 0.02% | 2015 | |||||||
Chad | 17,414,717 | 2022 | 0.30% | 2016 | |||||||
Togo | 8,095,498 | 2022 | 0.20% | 2014 | |||||||
Thailand | 68,263,022 | 2021 | 1.33% | 2020 | |||||||
Tajikistan | 10,077,600 | 2023 | 0.09% | 2020 | 0.09% | 2020 | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | 1,367,510 | 2023 | 0.06% | 2020 | |||||||
Tunisia | 11,850,232 | 2023 | 0.75% | 2019 | |||||||
Turkey | 85,372,377 | 2023 | 1.40% | 2021 | 1.09% | 2020 | 1.40% | 2021 | 37144.00 | 2021 | 435 |
Taiwan
|
23,420,442 | 2023 | 3.77% | 2021 | 51229.88 | 2021 | 2,187 | ||||
Tanzania | 61,741,120 | 2022 | 0.51% | 2013 | |||||||
Uganda | 45,562,000 | 2023 | 0.14% | 2014 | |||||||
Ukraine | 36,700,000 | 2023 | 0.29% | 2021 | 0.29% | 2021 | |||||
Uruguay | 3,444,263 | 2023 | 0.45% | 2020 | |||||||
United States
|
335,893,238 | 2024 | 3.46% | 2021 | 3.42% | 2020 | 3.46% | 2021 | 709712.90 | 2021 | 2,113 |
Uzbekistan | 36,599,764 | 2023 | 0.13% | 2021 | 0.13% | 2021 | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 110,872 | 2022 | 0.11% | 2002 | |||||||
Venezuela | 28,302,000 | 2019 | 0.34% | 2014 | |||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands
|
87,146 | 2020 | 0.03% | 2007 | |||||||
Vietnam | 100,300,000 | 2023 | 0.43% | 2021 | |||||||
South Africa | 62,027,503 | 2022 | 0.60% | 2020 | 0.60% | 2020 | 4457.37 | 2020 | 72 | ||
Zambia | 19,610,769 | 2022 | 0.28% | 2008 | |||||||
WORLD | 8,091,885,000 | 2024 | 2.71% | 2021 | |||||||
Low & middle income (WB) | 1.64% | 2020 | |||||||||
Low-income (WB)
|
|||||||||||
Middle-income (WB)
|
1.64% | 2020 | |||||||||
Lower middle income (WB) | 0.58% | 2017 | |||||||||
Upper middle income (WB) | 2.24% | 2021 | |||||||||
High-income (WB)
|
2.94% | 2021 | |||||||||
European Union | 447,319,916 | 2020 | 2.28% | 2021 | 2.16% | 2021 | 400168.50 | 2021 | 895 | ||
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) | 1,376,606,820 | 2022 | 3.01% | 2021 | 2.72% | 2021 | 1618857.48 | 2021 | 1,176 |
References
- ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ a b c Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
See also
- Business R&D intensity by country
- List of companies by research and development spending
- List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
- List of countries by number of scientists and researchers
- List of U.S. states by research and development spending
- Science of science policy
- Science policy