Lyrebird

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the 2019 film, see
Lyrebird (film)
.

Lyrebird
Temporal range: Early Miocene to present
Superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Menuridae
Lesson
, 1828
Genus: Menura
Latham, 1801
Type species
Menura novaehollandiae[1]
Latham 1801
Species

A lyrebird is either of two species of ground-dwelling Australian birds that compose the genus Menura, and the family Menuridae.[2] They are most notable for their impressive ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment, and the striking beauty of the male bird's huge tail when it is fanned out in courtship display. Lyrebirds have unique plumes of neutral-coloured tailfeathers and are among Australia's best-known native birds.

Taxonomy

Menura superba – superb lyrebird (1800) by Thomas Davies

The classification of lyrebirds was the subject of much debate after the first specimens reached European scientists after 1798. Based on specimens sent from

nomenclatural priority
.

The genus name Menura refers to the pattern of repeated transparent crescents (or "lunules") on the superb lyrebird's outer tail-feathers, from the Ancient Greek words μήνη mēnē "moon" and ουρά ourá "tail".[5]

Lyrebirds are named because their outer tail feathers are broad and curved in a S shape that together resemble the shape of a lyre.[6]: 2, 18 

Systematics

Lyrebirds were thought to be

altricial, were described. They were not classed with the passerines until a paper was published in 1840, twelve years after they were assigned a discrete family, Menuridae. Within that family they compose a single genus, Menura.[7]

It is generally accepted that the lyrebird family is most closely related to the

Atrichornithidae) and some authorities combine both in a single family, but evidence that they are also related to the bowerbirds remains controversial.[8]

Lyrebirds are ancient Australian animals: the

Riversleigh site.[10]

Species

Two species of lyrebird are extant:

Genus Menura – Latham, 1801 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Superb lyrebird called weringerong, woorail, and bulln-bulln in Aboriginal languages.[11]

Menura novaehollandiae
Latham, 1801

Three subspecies
  • M. n. edwardi
  • M. n. novaehollandiae
  • M. n. victoriae
south-eastern Australia, from southern Victoria to south-eastern Queensland Size: one of the world's largest songbirds, and is noted for its elaborate tail and excellent mimicry

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Albert's lyrebird or Northern Lyrebird

Menura alberti
Bonaparte, 1850 		between New South Wales and Queensland, Australia Size: Named in honour of
Queen Victoria


Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Description

Female Albert's lyrebird

The lyrebirds are large passerine birds, amongst the largest in the order. They are ground living birds with strong legs and feet and short rounded wings. They are poor fliers and rarely fly except for periods of downhill gliding.[7] The superb lyrebird is the larger of the two species. Lyrebirds measure 31 to 39 inches in length, including their tail. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. Females weigh around 2 pounds, and males weigh around 2.4 pounds.

Distribution and habitat

The superb lyrebird is found in areas of rainforest in Victoria, New South Wales, and south-east Queensland. It is also found in Tasmania where it was introduced in the 19th century. Many superb lyrebirds live in the Dandenong Ranges National Park and Kinglake National Park around Melbourne, the Royal National Park and Illawarra region south of Sydney, in many other parks along the east coast of Australia, and non protected bushland. Albert's lyrebird is found only in a small area of Southern Queensland rainforest.

Behaviour and ecology

Lyrebirds are shy and difficult to approach, particularly the Albert's lyrebird, with the result that little information about its behaviour has been documented. When lyrebirds detect potential danger, they pause and scan the surroundings, sound an alarm, and either flee the area on foot, or seek cover and freeze.[7] Firefighters sheltering in mine shafts during bushfires have been joined by lyrebirds.[12]

Diet and feeding

Albert's lyrebird

Lyrebirds feed on the ground and as individuals. A range of invertebrate prey is taken, including

amphipods, lizards, frogs and occasionally, seeds. They find food by scratching with their feet through the leaf-litter.[7]

Breeding

Superb lyrebird in courtship display

Lyrebirds are long-lived birds that can live as long as 30 years. They have long breeding cycles and start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female superb lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males, and those territories may contain the breeding territories of up to eight females. Within the male territories, the males create or use display platforms; for the superb lyrebird, this is a mound of bare soil; for the Albert's lyrebird, it is a pile of twigs on the forest floor.[7]

Male lyrebirds call mostly during winter, when they construct and maintain an open arena-mound in dense

incubated
over 50 days solely by the female, and the female also fosters the chick alone.

Vocalizations and mimicry

Superb lyrebird mimicking Australian native birds

A lyrebird's

car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, mobile phone ring tones, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is unusual.[7] Parts of the lyrebird's own song can resemble human-made sound effects, which has given rise to the urban legend that they frequently imitate video game or film sounds.[20][21]

The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, with some local Tasmanian endemic bird songs added. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics capable of complex vocalisations. Superb lyrebird females are silent during courtship; however, they regularly produce sophisticated vocal displays during foraging and nest defense.[22] A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.[23]

Both species of lyrebird produced elaborate lyrebird-specific vocalisations including 'whistle songs'.[15][22][24] Males also sing songs specifically associated with their song and dance displays.

One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park, near Dorrigo in northern coastal New South Wales. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. One witness suggested that the song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.[25][26] However, a "flute lyrebird" research group (including Curtis and Fenton) formed to investigate the veracity of this story found no evidence of "Mosquito Dance" and only remnants of "Keel Row" in contemporary and historical lyrebird recordings from this area. Neither were they able to prove that a lyrebird chick had been a pet, although they acknowledged compelling evidence on both sides of the argument.[27]

Status and conservation

Until the

near threatened in 2009.[29] The superb lyrebird had already been seriously threatened by habitat destruction in the past. Its population had since recovered, but the 2019–2020 bushfires damaged much of its habitat, which may lead to a reclassification of its status from "common" to "threatened".[30] Beyond this new threat are the long-term vulnerabilities to predation by cats and foxes, as well as human population pressure on its habitat.[7]

In culture

Painting by John Gould

John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum

The lyrebird is so called because the male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified

peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould
(who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.

The male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image in the "breeding" section of this page, and also the image of the 10-cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.

Lyrebird emblems and logos

Superb lyrebird on a 1932 Australian postage stamp.

The lyrebird has been featured as a symbol and emblem many times, especially in New South Wales and Victoria (where the superb lyrebird has its natural habitat), and in Queensland (where Albert's lyrebird has its natural habitat).

  • A male superb lyrebird is featured on the reverse of the Australian 10-cent coin.[31]
  • A superb lyrebird featured on the Australian one shilling postage stamp first issued in 1932.
  • A stylised superb lyrebird appears in the transparent window of the
    Australian 100 dollar note
    .
  • A silhouette of a male superb lyrebird is the logo of the Australian Film Commission.
  • An illustration of a male superb lyrebird, in courtship display, is the emblem of the
    New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service
    .
  • The pattern on the curtains of the
    Victorian State Theatre
    is the image of a male superb lyrebird, in courtship display, as viewed from the front.
  • A stylised illustration of a male Albert's lyrebird was the logo of the Queensland Conservatorium of Music, before the Conservatorium became part of Griffith University. In the logo, the top part of the lyrebird's tail became a music stave.
  • Australian band
    Erasmus
    ", feature a drawing of a lyrebird by artist Ken Taylor.
  • A stylised illustration of part of a male superb lyrebird's tail is the logo for the Lyrebird Arts Council of Victoria.
  • The lyrebird is also featured atop the crest of Panhellenic Sorority Alpha Chi Omega, whose symbol is the lyre.
  • There are many other companies with the name of Lyrebird, and these also have lyrebird logos.
  • "Land of the Lyrebird" is an alternative name for the Strzelecki Ranges in the Gippsland region of Victoria.
  • A silhouetted male superb lyrebird in courtship display features in the masthead of The Betoota Advocate.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Menuridae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  2. Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023). "Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian treecreepers, Australasian wrens"
    . World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  3. ^ Davies, Thomas (4 November 1800). "Description of Menura superba, a Bird of New South Wales" . Transactions of the Linnean Society. Vol. 6. London (published 1802). pp. 207–10.
  4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lyre-Bird" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  5. OCLC 659731768
    .
  6. ISBN 9780868401874
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 84-87334-69-5
  8. doi:10.1071/zo9960215
    .
  9. ^ Boles, Walter (2011). "Lyrebird: Overview". Pulse of the Planet. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  10. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1995). "A preliminary analysis of the Passeriformes from Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia, with the description of a new species of Lyrebird" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 163–170.
  11. ISBN 978-1-876334-16-1
    . Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  12. ISBN 1-875932-34-8.[page needed
    ]
  13. S2CID 1036613
    .
  14. PMID 17148405
    .
  15. ^
    S2CID 53170532
    .
  16. S2CID 53145329
    .
  17. ^
    S2CID 232051050
    .
  18. ^ Wild Lyrebird Dancing and Singing – Amazing Lyre Birds of Australia, archived from the original on 11 December 2021, retrieved 8 June 2021
  19. ^ "Attenborough: the amazing Lyre Bird sings like a chainsaw! Now in high quality | BBC Earth". YouTube. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  20. ^ "Lyre, lyre, pants on fire: The truth about one of our showiest songbirds". ABC News. 28 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  21. ^ Taylor, Hollis. "Lyrebirds mimicking chainsaws: fact or lie?". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  22. ^
    doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00034
    .
  23. ^ National Film and Sound Archive: Sounds of Australia.
  24. PMID 33767830
    .
  25. ^ Sheridan, Molly (2005). "In conversation with David Rothenberg". NewMusicBox.org. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  26. ISBN 0-86840-083-1
    .
  27. ISSN 2201-1919
    .
  28. ^ Arnold, Ann (6 December 2019). "Bushfires devastate rare and enchanting wildlife as 'permanently wet' forests burn for first time". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  29. ^ BirdLife International (2009). "Menura alberti". IUCN Red List. IUCN. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  30. ^ Morton, Adam (24 January 2020). "Lyrebird may join threatened species, as scale of bird habitat lost to bushfires emerges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  31. ^ "Ten cents". Royal Australian Mint. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

Further references

  • Attenborough, D. (1998). The Life of Birds. p. 212.
    ISBN 0563-38792-0
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Menura.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Lyre-bird".
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