Ma Zhu

Ma Zhu (馬注) (1640 – after 1710) was a Chinese

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Biography

Ma was born in Yongchang Fu in Yunnan Province during the reign of the Qing dynasty. His father died when Ma was young. He is claimed to be a descendant of Ajall Shams al-Din Omar, a Muslim Mongol general, and of the Prophet Mohammed Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Salam.^[5]

Philosophy

Ma Zhu's philosophy focused heavily on social relations and interactions between the sexes. He theorized that, per Confucian and Islamic values, an ideal society would be one in which men dominated public affairs while women would serve in a subservient role as domestic helpmates.^[3] The philosopher opposed women performing roles outside of the home, stating "even a talented woman should not take care of non-domestic affairs". Ma took inspiration for his ideal role for women from the story of Adam and Eve, in which Allah created Eve from the flesh of Adam.^[3] This indicated to Ma that men and women were not intended to be of equal standing in society. Ma wrote:

"Husband and wife are one entity. However, created out of her husband, the wife should naturally obey him. Their love is locally described as dear as that between brothers and sisters."

— Qingzhen Zhinan (清真指南)

Ma's philosophy also denoted the distinctions between the traditional Chinese paired forces of