Marcus A. Smith
Marcus A. Smith | |
---|---|
Nathan O. Murphy | |
Personal details | |
Born | Cynthiana, Kentucky | January 24, 1851
Died | April 7, 1924 Washington, D.C. | (aged 73)
Nationality | American |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Elizabeth Rathbone[a] |
Alma mater | Kentucky University |
Marcus Aurelius Smith (January 24, 1851[b] – April 7, 1924) was an American attorney and politician who served eight terms as Arizona Territorial Delegate to Congress and as one of the first two Senators from Arizona. As a Delegate, he was a leader in the effort to gain statehood for Arizona. His non-voting status, however, minimized his influence with only 35 of the 277 bills he introduced into the House of Representatives being signed into law.[1] Lack of a voice in the United States Senate further weakened his efforts as he managed to get Arizona statehood bills passed by the House only to see the legislation blocked in the Senate.[2] Beyond his efforts for statehood, Smith worked to have government buildings constructed and to provide relief to his constituents affected by either man-made or natural misfortunes. His efforts to provide relief to the citizens of Arizona did not extend to the indigenous population, for whom Smith expressed great animosity.
Smith was a dedicated conservative for most of his political career. This changed following his electoral defeat in 1908. As Smith campaigned to become one of Arizona's first two senators he became a progressive. In this new role, he was a firm supporter of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom initiatives.
Background
Smith was born on January 24, 1851, near Cynthiana, Kentucky, as the youngest of seven sons to Frederick Chinn and Agnes Ball (Chinn) Smith.[3][4][b] His family were successful farmers who also raised livestock. He and his brothers were educated at a combination of public and private schools. In 1868 Smith enrolled at Kentucky University (now Transylvania University) where he initially studied classics.[6] After his graduation in 1872 he enrolled in the university's law school.[3] Smith graduated from law school at the top of his class in 1876.[4]
Following his graduation, Smith worked for the
Tombstone
From California, Smith moved to the
Smith became active in
Territorial Delegate
The 1886 Democratic territorial convention nominated Smith for the office of
With the first session of the
During his first term, Smith introduced 41 bills. The subjects of these bills included a request to grant Arizona Territory another justice for the Territorial Supreme Court, authorization for Maricopa county to issue bonds, twenty bills providing financial reimbursement for losses suffered due to Civil War actions and Indian depredations, and six bills that would grant right of way to railroads and water companies to cross Indian reservations.
During the course of his career, Smith regularly spoke in favor of developing water resources in the West.[18] His first term saw the introduction of a bill to survey Arizona to identify suitable sites for storage dams and reservoirs and to reserve the land at any located sites.[20] Another topic on which he routinely expressed his opinion was dealing with the territory's indigenous population. His views on the subject are shown in a speech he gave on February 18, 1890, when Smith said, "We of the West are not brutal or even unjust to the Indian, but we sympathize more with civilization than with savagery. We much desire to see the Indian improved and the white man protected. We wish to see a human being made out of the Apache Indian."[21] Toward this end, Smith advocated in his first term against increasing the size of Indian reservations, claiming much of Arizona's best real estate had already been given to "a lot of idle, vagabond, murderous Indians".[22]
As his first term neared an end, Smith received his party's nomination for a second term in September 1888.
In 1889, Smith began developing political connections in Maricopa County.[22] With the rapid growth of Phoenix increasing the political influence of county, Smith purchased an ownership interest in the Arizona Gazette to ensure a friendly newspaper in the area.[26] Professionally, Smith joined with Ben Goodrich and Webster Street to found the legal firm of Goodrich, Street & Smith.[27][22] Despite the firm's office being located in Phoenix, the partners traveled the territory and practiced where there was need for their services.[28] Finally, with Governor C. Meyer Zulick falling out of political favor, Smith took steps to distance himself.[22]
Wham robbery trial
While waiting to return for the next session of Congress, Smith's new legal firm became
The trial began in November 1889 with Judge
The effect of the trial to Smith's reputation lasted for years.[28] Even though none of the defendants were Mormon, attitude of the day blamed Mormons for the robbery.[29] Smith refused to play upon this attitude by suggesting Mormon involvement as part of his defense. As a result, the Territorial Delegate was able to count on a large portion of the "Mormon vote" for the remainder of his political career.[29][28] At the same time, Smith was accused of receiving some of the stolen gold as part of his legal fees.[29] An example of this is a Tucson Citizen cartoon depicting the defendants and defense attorneys with the caption "The Wham Robbers – Which is Mark Smith?"[32]
Due to time demands of the Wham case, Smith arrived in Washington after the start of the
As Congress was preparing to adjourn before the elections of 1890, Smith contracted
During the second session of the 51st United States Congress, Smith attacked the growing Indian rights movement.
Constitutional convention
By early 1891 there was a strong statehood movement in Arizona Territory. When the U.S. Congress declined to authorize a constitutional convention for the territory, the 16th Arizona Territorial Legislature decided to correct the oversight.[41] The hope being that if the territory had a state constitution written it would aid in the effort to win statehood for the territory.[42] Based upon the legislature's actions, Governor John N. Irwin issued a proclamation calling for the election of 22 delegates to a constitutional convention.[41] Smith was one of three delegates chosen to represent Cochise County, with the convention meeting from September 7 till October 3, 1891.[43]
The convention used the committee system, with Smith serving on seven of the twelve committees.[41] He was appointed to committees on Preamble, Bill of Rights, Ways
and Means, Water, Irrigation, and Reservoirs, and Rules and Permanent Organization. He became chairman for committees on Mileage and the Legislative Department.
The proposed constitution included support for bimetallism and advocated for irrigation of public land and construction of railroads.[43] State legislators were required to announce any personal interests they might have in an issue before the legislature and then to not vote on the matter.[40] Women's' suffrage was limited to school elections while the document condemned polygamy.[45] Arizona voters approved the proposed document during a December 1891 special election.[40]
Upon returning to Washington, Smith introduced a statehood bill based upon the new constitution on January 15, 1892. The bill quickly died in committee.
During the election of 1892, the Republicans selected Flagstaff attorney William G. "Mikey" Stewart to run against Smith.
In addition to the election, 1892 saw the start of dissension within the Arizona Democratic Party.[52] While L. C. Hughes had been an early supporter of Smith, Hughes desire to be appointed governor caused tensions. During the 1892 Democratic National Convention, the territorial delegation had been instructed to support David B. Hill. Hughes changed the support to Grover Cleveland. Smith responded by providing Cleveland copies of articles critical to Cleveland that Hughes had printed. Hughes was able to shift blame after a friend of his in Minneapolis, R. A. Carple, claimed to be the author of the articles. With issue apparently settled, Hughes was appointed Governor of Arizona Territory in April 1893. By October 1893, Governor Hughes had created a division in the territorial Democratic party.[53] While Smith made no public attacks on Governor Hughes, the governor believed that Smith was working with C. Meyer Zulick to secure his removal almost as soon as his appointment was made.[52][54]
Once the
Breaks in service
With the Arizona Democratic party in relative disarray and fighting to prevent a split, Smith decided not to run for reelection in 1894.[58] Smith's wife began suffering from severe health problems in 1893 and the official reason for not running was concerns for her well-being.[59] Critics countered by claiming he was afraid of losing if he stood for reelection.[55] Smith's inability to gain statehood for Arizona or to block creation of the Court of Private Land Claims both diminishing the Territorial Delegate's popularity.[60]
After his term expired, Smith returned to Tombstone and resumed in private legal practice.[57] In July 1895, Smith paid a visit to Governor Hughes in Phoenix. The visit had the effect of easing tensions and restoring unity within the Arizona Democratic party.[57] The easing proved to be short lived and soon after the Arizona Daily Star, which was published by Governor Hughes, was accused of insufficient support of the Democratic nominee for Territorial Delegate during the 1894 election and being overly sympathetic to Republican Oakes Murphy.[61] Smith was appointed Assistant United States Attorney in October 1895. Consequentially, he moved to Tucson in early 1896.[57]
At the beginning of 1896, efforts to replace Governor Hughes had intensified with Territorial Secretary
Smith announced his candidacy for Territorial delegate on August 29, 1896.
When the
Smith had been planning to seek reelection during most of 1898.
When his term ended, Smith returned to private legal practice in Tucson.[70] He arranged for a minimal work load and spent most of his time tending to his wife.[73] Elizabeth Smith's health continued to decline and she died on October 16, 1899. She was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.[70]
By the end of 1899, Smith began showing interest in returning to Washington, D.C., as Arizona's Territorial Delegate.[74] Wilson was proving to be a popular delegate and calls were made for Smith not to run.[75] Nevertheless, in early 1900 Smith announced his intention to challenge for his old position. As each candidate tried to obtain delegates for the territorial convention, Maricopa county became the key battleground.[76] The county held an election to select delegates to the territorial convention on September 1 with a county level convention held four days later. The results of the election were quickly contested, with one newspaper hostile to Smith claiming the number of votes in Phoenix's 4th wards exceeded the total number of voters in the ward.[77] A ruling by Albert C. Baker allowed delegates from the contested precincts to be included in the election results, giving Smith effective control of the territorial convention.[76]
Wilson supporters, unhappy with the election results, selected their own set of delegates to send to the convention.[76] The September 12 convention began with two individuals, one a Smith supporter and the other a Wilson supporter, claiming the role of temporary chairman.[77] When the convention secretary refused to allow the Maricopa county Wilson supporters to be recognized by the convention, a fight broke out and police were called in to break up the resulting riot.[78] Negotiations between the two camps failed to find a resolution and on the second day of the convention the two groups split with Smith supporters congregating on the east side of the convention hall and Wilson supporters on the west.[77] At one point, Wilson decided to withdraw from the race at the convention but the candidate was convinced not to do so by his wife.[79] By the end of the convention, each group had selected their own set of convention officers and nominees.[80][81] As the campaign began, several proposals were made to correct the split by Wilson but were rejected by Smith as either unworkable or unfairly favoring the Wilson campaign.[78] It was not until Wilson withdrew from the race on October 12 that the split in the Democratic party ended.[70] Despite the unusual campaign, Smith still won his sixth term as Territorial Delegate.[82]
Joint statehood battle
Smith was assigned to the committees on
Most of Smith's efforts during the term went towards Arizona's campaign for statehood. He joined with New Mexico Territorial Delegate Bernard Shandon Rodey and Oklahoma Territory Delegate Dennis Thomas Flynn to introduce an Omnibus statehood bill intended to grant statehood to the three territories.[85][70] Governors Oakes Murphy of Arizona and Miguel Otero of New Mexico even went to Washington to give a joint appearance in support of the Omnibus bill.[86] After receiving a favorable committee report the bill advanced to the full House in May 1902.[86] On May 9, Representative Jesse Overstreet of Indiana introduced an amendment to the Omnibus bill that Arizona and New Mexico territories be combined and admitted as a single state named Montezuma.[87] Smith quickly attacked the proposed amendment on the floor of the House, arguing that Arizona and New Mexico had separate histories, financial situations, capitol buildings, and legal systems and that the two territory's habitable regions were separated by physical barriers.[87][88] He concluded by claiming the purpose of the amendment was to ensure defeat of the Omnibus bill.[87] Smith's speech was sufficiently rousing that the Congressional Report shows it received "long continued applause."[89] The effort Smith put into the speech then resulted in his collapse upon the House floor.[90][70] After Smith was taken away, the amendment was rejected and the Omnibus bill approved by voice vote.[87]
Physicians were initially concerned Smith had suffered a
By the time Smith returned to work, the Omnibus bill had moved to the
After Congress adjourned on July 1, 1902, Smith visited
When his term ended, Smith returned to private legal practice in Tucson.[92] In February 1904, Smith went to
In October 1905, Smith led a congressional delegation on a tour of the territory.
Upon his return to Congress, Smith found the joint statehood battle largely as he had left it. Senator Bevridge was still working to create what he called "Arizona the Great". Meanwhile, Senator Joseph B. Foraker of Ohio had replaced Senator Quay as the champion for an independent Arizona.[104] On December 11, 1905, Foraker sponsored an amendment to a Senate statehood bill calling for Arizona and New Mexico to hold a referendum on the joint statehood proposal.[98] The "Foraker amendment" was initially written by Smith and called for voters to answer the question "Shall Arizona and New Mexico be united to form one State?"[105] The amendment furthermore required both territories to approve joint statehood or else the merger would be blocked.[106] The amendment was passed into law on March 9, 1906.[98]
In August 1906, Smith attended a joint meeting of the Democratic and Republican territorial committees where the two groups decided to work together to defeat the joint statehood proposal during the referendum.[107] The next month Smith accepted his party's nomination for an eighth term in Congress.[108] In the race for Territorial Delegate, both Smith and his Republican challenger strongly opposed joint statehood but Smith received the majority of the credit for leading the fight for an independent Arizona.[108] As a result, he won reelection.[109] The joint statehood referendum in turn was defeated by the Arizona voters 16,265 to 3,141 while New Mexico voters cast 26,195 for and 14,735 against.[110]
During the 60th United States Congress, Smith introduced bills to limit the amount of federal land set aside for military use, national forests, and Indian reservations.[111] While the Progressive Era was well under way, Smith avoided taking a position on national level issues of the day.[109] He instead continued the battle for Arizona statehood, introducing another statehood bill in January 1908.[112]
When Smith returned from Washington, D.C., in May 1908, the lack of the usual reception crowd indicated a decline in the Delegate's popularity. He however decided to still run for another term in office.
Smith introduced his final statehood bill when the
New political image
Shortly after his inauguration in 1909, President
Smith announced his candidacy for one of Arizona's two senate seats on September 24, 1911
U.S. Senate
The
Upon his entry into the Senate, Smith was assigned to the committees on the District of Columbia, Geological Survey, Public Land, Irrigation and Reclamation,
The
Patronage requests were a point of concern for Smith and his handling of them angered potential supporters. When Governor Hunt announced he had no intentions of running for Smith's senate seat observers noted that many of Smith's appointments had gone to Hunt supporters. Following Hunt's announcement, the Governor threw his network of support behind Smith.[129] As the 1914 elections approached, Smith's well-known drinking habit cost him votes from supporters of prohibition.[132] This was balanced on September 5, 1914, when President Wilson sent a telegram stating it would be a "serious loss to the public" if Smith was not reelected for another term in the U.S. Senate.[133] Smith's support proved sufficient and he won a majority of the votes in a five-way general election.[132]
Second term
As the
By the start of the
The
Despite his advancing age, Smith was determined to win another term in the
Later life
The loss of his reelection bid left Smith embittered.[146] Additionally, his remaining financial resources were limited and Smith found himself in need of a job.[148] To address these concerns Smith's friend, Epes Randolph, told him "Mark, you should go back to Washington and say to President Wilson, 'Mr. President, I've made a damn fool of myself over you a good many times—now you make a damn fool of yourself over me just once—give me some kind of a job'"[146] Smith followed this advice and was appointed to the International Joint Commission on March 3, 1921, the last full day in office for both the senator and President.[149]
During his final years, Smith lived in Washington's Occidental Hotel, taking occasional trips to Kentucky to visit his remaining family.[148] In Washington, he received only occasional visits from a niece living in Kentucky.[150] The solitude bothered him as shown in a January 1924 note where he wrote: "was surenuff lonesome and hungry to hear something of old friends."[146] His health also began to decline as he developed arthritis in his left hip.[148] Smith's outlook of this development was shown by his statement, "I can't walk a step without the crutches, and even that aid can't prevent suffering. The doctors call it arthritis—I call it hell, for that is what it really amounts to."[146] With less than a dozen friends from his early days in Arizona, Smith longed to be with "my dogs and gun, my friends, my fishing rod, the trees and flowers and songs of birds and babbling brooks. Losing these paints the receding landscape in dull drab leaden colors in taking away the great attractions of life before demanding its surrender."[148]
Smith died on April 7, 1924, of heart disease.[151] His death was announced to the United States Senate by Henry F. Ashurst.[152] Smith was buried in Cynthiana, Kentucky at the Battle Grove Cemetery.[153] His tombstone epitaph, written by Smith himself, reads "Here lies a good man – a lover of fast horses, pretty women and good whiskey".[154]
Election history
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 1,538 | 56.8 | |
Republican
|
Lyttleton Price | 1,170 | 43.2 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 6,355 | 58.7 | |
Republican
|
Curtis Coe Bean | 4,472 | 41.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 7,686 | 56.9 | |
Republican
|
Thomas F. Wilson | 5,832 | 43.1 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 6,137 | 55.4 | |
Republican
|
George W. Cheyney | 4,941 | 44.6 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 6,470 | 55.6 | |
Republican
|
William G. "Mikey" Stewart | 5,171 | 44.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 6,065 | 43.9 | |
Republican
|
Andrew J. Doran | 4,049 | 29.3 | |
Populists | Buckey O'Neill | 3,695 | 26.8 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 8,664 | 52.1 | |
Republican
|
Oakes Murphy | 7,664 | 46.1 | |
Prohibition
|
Charles N. Davidson | 292 | 1.8 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 10,394 | 48.5 | |
Republican
|
Benjamin D. Fowler | 9,522 | 44.4 | |
Socialist | Francis S. Shaw | 1,304 | 6.1 | |
Prohibition
|
O. Gibson | 125 | 0.6 | |
Socialist Labor | J. C. Leach | 82 | 0.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 11,101 | 49.1 | |
Republican
|
William F. Cooper | 8.909 | 39.4 | |
Socialist | Joseph D. Cannon | 2,078 | 9.2 | |
Joint Statehood Party | Charles F. Ainsworth | 508 | 2.2 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican
|
Ralph H. Cameron | 12,435 | 47.1 | |
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 11,727 | 44.5 | |
Socialist | Joseph D. Cannon | 1,912 | 7.2 | |
Independence
|
William B. Cleary | 118 | 0.4 | |
Prohibition
|
R. Roy Sibley | 106 | 0.4 | |
Socialist Labor | J. W. Stewart | 82 | 0.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 4,459 | ||
Democratic
|
Henry F. Ashurst | 4,058 | ||
Democratic
|
Eugene S. Ives | 3,560 | ||
Democratic
|
Eugene Brady O'Neill | 2,964 | ||
Democratic
|
Reese M. Ling | 2,164 | ||
Democratic
|
Harry L. Pickett | 1,432 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 10,598 | ||
Democratic
|
Henry F. Ashurst | 10,872 | ||
Republican
|
Ralph H. Cameron | 9,640 | ||
Republican
|
Hoval Smith | 9,228 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 17,714 | 65.0 | |
Democratic
|
Reese M. Ling | 9,558 | 35.0 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 25,800 | 52.9 | |
Republican
|
Don Lorenzo Hubbell
|
9,183 | 18.8 | |
Prohibition
|
Eugene W. Chafin | 7,293 | 15.0 | |
Socialist | Bert Davis | 3,852 | 7.9 | |
Progressive
|
J. Bernard Nelson | 2,608 | 5.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 10,910 | 37.0 | |
Democratic
|
Rawghlie Clement Stanford | 8,409 | 28.6 | |
Democratic
|
Albinus A. Worsley | 7,474 | 25.4 | |
Democratic
|
John W. Norton | 2,651 | 9.0 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican
|
Ralph H. Cameron | 35,893 | 55.2 | |
Democratic
|
Mark Smith | 29,169 | 44.8 |
Footnotes
- ^ a b Some sources cite Mrs. Smith's maiden name as "Rathman".[4]
- ^ a b Some sources list Smith's year of birth as 1852.[5]
- ^ Source documents differ on the date of Smith's move to Arizona. While most sources indicate he made the move sometime during 1880, it is possible he arrived sometime before January 2, 1880.[4] The earliest confirmed date for his presence in Cochise County is May 1881.[6]
References
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 255.
- ^ a b International News Service 1915, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e f Goff 1985, p. 131.
- ^ a b c d e f Fazio 1970, p. 24.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 1.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 2.
- ^ McClintock 1916, p. 583.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 25.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 5.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1985, p. 132.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 27.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 14.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 28.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 15.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 271.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 29.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b c d e Fazio 1970, p. 30.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 133.
- ^ a b c McClintock 1916, p. 335.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b c d e f g Goff 1989, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Goff 1985, p. 134.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 31.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 32.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 31–32.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 19.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 33.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 283.
- ^ a b c d Fazio 1970, p. 34.
- ^ a b Goff 1985, p. 135.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 35.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 22.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 21.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 288.
- ^ a b Goff 1985, p. 136.
- ^ a b c Fazio 1970, p. 36.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Wagoner 1970, p. 290.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 24.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 38.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 137.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 26.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 39.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 40.
- ^ a b c Goff 1985, p. 138.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Fazio 1970, p. 41.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 27, 33.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 28.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 41–42.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 42.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 29.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 30.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c Fazio 1970, p. 43.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 139.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Goff 1985, p. 140.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 31–32.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 33.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 34.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 35.
- ^ a b c Fazio 1970, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 36.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 45.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, pp. 359, 362.
- ^ McClintock 1916, p. 347.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 359.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 38.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 46.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 39.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 307.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e Fazio 1970, p. 47.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 407.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 52.
- ^ "Taken Ill After Debate". New York Times. May 10, 1902. p. 8.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b c Goff 1985, p. 141.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 40.
- ^ a b c Fazio 1970, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d Wagoner 1970, p. 408.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 53.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d Fazio 1970, p. 50.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, pp. 413–415.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 42.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 431.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, pp. 431–432.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 432.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 54.
- ^ Wagoner 1970, p. 438.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 142.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 51.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 43.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 44.
- ^ McClintock 1916, p. 365.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 143.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 52.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 143–144.
- ^ a b c Fazio 1970, p. 53.
- ^ a b Goff 1985, p. 144.
- ^ a b c d e Fazio 1970, p. 54.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 57.
- ^ a b c d e f Goff 1985, p. 145.
- ^ a b Fazio 1970, p. 55.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e f Fazio 1970, p. 57.
- ^ "Senate Now Numbers 96". New York Times. April 3, 1912.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 62.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 61.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e Fazio 1970, p. 58.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 65.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 68.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 69.
- ^ a b c d Fazio 1970, p. 59.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Goff 1989, p. 72.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 73.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Goff 1989, p. 75.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 78.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 60.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b c d e Fazio 1970, p. 61.
- ^ Fazio 1970, pp. 79–80.
- ^ a b c d Goff 1989, p. 82.
- ^ Goff 1985, p. 146.
- ^ Fazio 1970, p. 62.
- ^ "Ex-Senator M.A. Smith; Found Dead From Heart Disease In Hotel Room In Washington". New York Times. April 8, 1924. p. 19.
- ^ "Former Sen. Smith of Arizona Dies". St. Petersburg Times. April 8, 1924. Section II, p. 5.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 83.
- ^ West, Dick (August 22, 1961). "Smiths are Taking Over". Altus Times-Democrat. Altus, Oklahoma. p. 7.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 137–138.
- ^ McClintock 1916, p. 345.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Goff 1985, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Goff 1989, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Goff 1989, p. 80.
- Fazio, Steven A. (Spring 1970). "Marcus Aurelius Smith: Arizona Delegate and Senator". Arizona and the West. 12 (1): 23–62. JSTOR 40168029.
- Goff, John S. (1985). Arizona Territorial Officials Volume III: The Delegates to Congress 1863–1912. Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press. OCLC 12559708.
- Goff, John S. (1989). Marcus A. Smith. Arizona biographical series. Vol. v. 5. Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press. OCLC 21013345.
- International News Service (1915). Notables of the West. Vol. 2. New York: International News Service. OCLC 5532411.
- McClintock, James H. (1916). Arizona: Prehistoric – Aboriginal – Pioneer – Modern. Vol. II. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. OCLC 5398889.
- Wagoner, Jay J. (1970). Arizona Territory 1863–1912: A Political history. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0176-9.
External links
- Media related to Marcus Aurelius Smith at Wikimedia Commons
- United States Congress. "Marcus A. Smith (id: S000589)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Marcus A. Smith at Find a Grave