Maximilian von Spee
Reichsgraf Maximilian von Spee | |
---|---|
Born | 22 June 1861 Copenhagen, Denmark |
Died | 8 December 1914 SMS Scharnhorst, South Atlantic, off the Falkland Islands | (aged 53)
Allegiance | German Empire |
Service/ | Imperial German Navy |
Years of service | 1878–1914 |
Rank | Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) |
Commands held | SMS Hela SMS Pelikan SMS Wittelsbach East Asia Squadron |
Battles/wars |
|
Maximilian Johannes Maria Hubert Reichsgraf
After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Spee led his squadron across the Pacific to the coast of South America. Here on 1 November, he defeated the British 4th Cruiser Squadron under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock in the Battle of Coronel, sinking two of Cradock's cruisers and forcing his other two ships to retreat. A month later, Spee decided to attack the British naval base in the Falkland Islands, but a superior British force surprised him. In the ensuing Battle of the Falkland Islands, Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee's squadron, which included two powerful battlecruisers, destroyed the East Asia Squadron. Spee and his two sons, who happened to be serving on two of his ships, were all killed, along with about 2,200 other men. Spee was hailed as a hero in Germany, and several ships were named in his honor, including the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee, which was built in the 1930s and was scuttled after the Battle of the River Plate during World War II.
Early career
Spee was born in
After returning to Germany in 1889, he married his wife, Margareta Baroness von der Osten-Sacken.
After arriving back in Germany, he was promoted to the rank of
East Asia Squadron
In late 1912, Spee was given command of the East Asia Squadron, replacing KAdm
Spee thereafter began preparations for a cruise to
World War I
The East Asia Squadron consisted of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the
To keep the German high command informed, on 8 September Spee detached Nürnberg to
Battle of Coronel
Glasgow was assigned to the 4th Cruiser Squadron, under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock; as it turned out, Glasgow was joined by the armored cruisers Good Hope and Monmouth and the auxiliary cruiser Otranto. After discovering the entire squadron off Coronel, Spee decided to engage the British ships, but he delayed the action using his ships' superior speed until later in the day, when the setting sun would silhouette Cradock's ships. The German ships would meanwhile be obscured against the Chilean coast, making the task of the British gunners more difficult.[23] At 18:07, Spee issued the order to open fire, with his two armored cruisers battling Cradock's armored cruisers and his light cruisers engaging Glasgow and Otranto. Cradock quickly detached Otranto, as she had no place in the line of battle. By 18:50, Gneisenau had disabled Monmouth and so shifted fire to Good Hope; the combined firepower of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau neutralized Good Hope by 19:23. Spee then withdrew his two armored cruisers and sent in his light cruisers to finish off Monmouth and Good Hope.[24] The British had lost both ships and suffered more than 1,600 dead, including Cradock, though the German ships had expended around 40 percent of their ammunition supply.[25] Spee had inflicted the first defeat on a Royal Navy squadron since the Napoleonic Wars a century earlier.[26]
After the battle, Spee took his ships north to Valparaiso. Since Chile was neutral, only three ships could enter the port at a time; Spee took Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Nürnberg in first on the morning of 3 November, leaving Dresden and Leipzig with the colliers at Mas a Fuera. There, Spee's ships could take on coal while he conferred with the Admiralty Staff in Germany to determine the strength of remaining British forces in the region.[27] In addition, Spee sought to counter British press reports that attempted to minimize their losses and exaggerate German casualties. A reception followed at the German Club of Valparaiso, though Spee insisted that the event be restrained in tone.[28] He received a bouquet of flowers to celebrate the victory at Coronel; Spee replied that they would do nicely for his grave.[29] He stated that,
You must not forget that I am quite homeless. I cannot reach Germany. We possess no other secure harbor. I must fight my way through the seas of the world doing as much mischief as I can, until my ammunition is exhausted, or a foe far superior in power succeeds in catching me. But it will cost the wretches dearly before they take me down.[30]
While in port, Spee received the order from the Admiralty Staff to attempt to break through to Germany.
Battle of the Falkland Islands
On the morning of 6 December, Spee held a conference with the ship commanders aboard Scharnhorst to determine their next course of action. The Germans had received numerous fragmentary and contradictory reports of British reinforcements in the region; Spee and two other captains favored an attack on the
By 13:20, the battlecruisers had caught up with Spee, who realized his armored cruisers could not escape the much faster battlecruisers. He ordered the three light cruisers to attempt to break away while he tried to hold off the British squadron with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Sturdee instead ordered his cruisers to chase down the fleeing German light cruisers while Invincible and Inflexible dealt with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.[35] Spee deftly maneuvered his ships, taking the leeward position; the wind kept his ships swept of smoke, which improved visibility for his gunners. This forced Sturdee into the windward position and its corresponding worse visibility. Scharnhorst straddled Invincible with her third salvo and quickly scored two hits on the British battlecruiser. The German flagship was herself not hit during this phase of the battle.[36] Sturdee attempted to widen the distance by turning two points to the north to prevent Spee from closing to within the range of his numerous secondary guns. Spee counteracted this maneuver by turning rapidly to the south, which forced Sturdee to turn south as well to keep within range. This allowed Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to turn back north and get close enough to engage with their secondary 15 cm guns. Their shooting was so accurate that it forced the British to haul away a second time.[37]
The British gunfire became increasingly accurate, and by 16:00, Scharnhorst had begun to list badly, while fires raged aboard the ship. Spee ordered Gneisenau to try to disengage while he turned Scharnhorst toward his attackers in an attempt to launch torpedoes at them. At 16:17, Scharnhorst
Legacy
Spee was hailed as a hero in Germany and the men of the East Asia Squadron were celebrated in the press, which emphasized their bravery and refusal to surrender.
The wreck of Spee's flagship Scharnhorst was found off the Falklands on 5 December 2019, almost 105 years to the day after her sinking. Wilhelm Graf von Spee, head of the Graf von Spee family, called the location of the wreck "bittersweet", remarking that the family took comfort "from the knowledge that the final resting place of so many has been found, and can now be preserved, whilst also being reminded of the huge waste of life. As a family, we lost a father and his two sons on one day. Like the thousands of other families who suffered an unimaginable loss during the First World War, we remember them and must ensure that their sacrifice was not in vain."[47]
Footnotes
- ^ Regarding personal names: Reichsgraf is a title, usually translated as Imperial Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Reichsgräfin. Titles using the prefix Reichs- were not created after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.
- ^ a b c Stewart, p. 283.
- ^ a b c d e Tucker & Roberts, p. 1108.
- ^ a b c Callo & Wilson, p. 290.
- ^ a b c d McNally, p. 32.
- ^ Kirchhoff, p. 8.
- ^ a b Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7, p. 109.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7, p. 110.
- ^ Hough, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Hough, p. 17–18.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 98.
- ^ Halpern, p. 66.
- ^ Staff, p. 29.
- ^ Hough, p. 23.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 70.
- ^ Strachan, p. 471.
- ^ Staff, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Sondhaus, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Staff, p. 30.
- ^ Halpern, p. 89.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 72.
- ^ Staff, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Staff, p. 32.
- ^ Staff, pp. 33–36.
- ^ Halpern, p. 93.
- ^ a b Sondhaus, p. 79.
- ^ Staff, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Sondhaus, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Gray, p. 185.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 77.
- ^ a b Sondhaus, p. 78.
- ^ Staff, p. 59.
- ^ Staff, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Strachan, p. 47.
- ^ Bennett, p. 117.
- ^ Staff, p. 66.
- ^ Bennett, p. 118.
- ^ Staff, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Herwig, p. 158.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 82.
- ^ Jones, pp. 184, 193–194.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 3, p. 238.
- ^ Gröner, p. 58.
- ^ Williamson, p. 39.
- ^ Bidlingmaier, p. 93.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 3, pp. 239–240.
- ^ "German WWI wreck Scharnhorst discovered off Falklands". BBC News. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
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