Mnong language
| Mnong | |
|---|---|
| Bunong, ឞូន៝ង | |
| Native to | Mondulkiri in Cambodia |
Native speakers | 130,000 (2002–2008)[1] |
| |
| Khmer Latin (Vietnamese alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:cmo – Central Mnongmng – Eastern Mnongmnn – Southern Mnongrka – Kraol |
| Glottolog | mnon1259 |
| ELP | Central Mnong |
| Kraol[2] | |
The Mnong language (also known as Pnong or Bunong) (Bunong: ឞូន៝ង) belongs to the
Pnong group in Cambodia
.
Distribution
In Vietnam, Mnong is spoken in the districts of
Đắk Nông Province
(Nguyễn & Trương 2009).
Varieties
According to Ethnologue, four major dialects exist: Central, Eastern and Southern Mnong (all spoken in Vietnam), and Kraol (spoken in Cambodia). Within a dialect group, members do not understand other dialects. The Mnong language was studied first by the linguist Richard Phillips in the early 1970s.[3][4]
Lê, et al. (2014:234-235)[5] lists the following subgroups of Mnong and their respective locations.
- Mnông Gar: in northwestern Lâm Đồng Province and southern Lak Lake.
- Mnông Nong: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Kuênh: in Krông Pắk District
- Mnông Pré: mainly in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District, and a few at Lak Lake.
- Mnông Prâng: scattered in Ea Súp District.
- Mnông Rlăm: in Lắk District. Many have close relationships with the Ê-đê people.
- Mnông Bu-đâng: in Bản Đon, Ea Súp District
- Mnông Chỉl: in Lâm Đồng Province.
- Mnông Bu Nor: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Dih Bri: very small population in Đắk Nông District; Êa Krông.
- Mnông Đíp: Sông Bé Province.
- Mnông Biat: small population in former Sông Bé Province. Majority living around the Vietnam-Cambodia border.
- Mnông Bu Đêh: in former Đắk Lắk Province
- Mnông Si Tô: a group of Đắk Nông Districtwho have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Mạ people)
- Mnông K’ah: a group of M'Đrăk Districtwho have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Ê-đê people)
- Mnông Phê Đâm: small population living only in Quảng Tín Đắk Nông District.
Other minor Mnong
ethnic groups
include the Mnông Rơ Đe, Mnông R’Ông, and Mnông K’Ziêng.
Nguyễn & Trương (2009) cover the following M'Nông dialects.
- M'Nông Preh
- Kuênh
- Mạ
- M'Nông Nâr (Bu Nâr)
- M'Nông Noong (Bu Noong)
- M'Nông R'Lâm
- M'Nông Prâng
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
voiceless
|
p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮc | ᵑk | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | (ʄ) | (ɠ) | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Fricative
|
ç | h | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant
|
plain | w | l | j | ||
preglottal
|
ʔw | ʔj | ||||
- Implosives /ʄ, ɠ/ may vary across dialects.[6]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
| Open | ɛ ɛː | a aː | ɔ ɔː |
Numerals
The following comparative numerals from various Mnong dialects are from Nguyễn & Trương (2009).
| Gloss | Preh | Bu Noong | Bu Nâr | Prâng | R'Lăm | Mạ | Kuênh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | du, ngoay, hŏ | muay | waay | dul | ju, ƀơn, muei | dul | đu |
| 2 | bar | bar | ra'r | baar | bar | bar | par |
| 3 | pê | pê | per | păi | pei | pê | |
| 4 | puăn | puăn | waam | puô | puan, puôn | puôn | |
| 5 | prăm | prăm | t'rơ̆m, năm | prăm, năm | prăm, pram | jorăm, sơ năm | snăm |
| 6 | prau | pro | |||||
| 7 | poh | poh | pops | pŏh | poh | poh | pêh |
| 8 | pham | pham | |||||
| 9 | dŭm, sĭn | sĭn | chĭnh | sin | sư̆n, sĭn | sin | |
| 10 | jât | jât | dư | joơt | măt | jơt |
References
- ^ Central Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Eastern Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kraol at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Kraol.
- ISBN 0-7286-0183-4.
- ^ "Language Family Trees". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
- ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
- ^ Butler, Becky (2015). Bunong. In Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages: Leiden: Brill. pp. 719–745.
Further reading
- Blood, Henry Florentine. A Reconstruction of Proto-Mnong. Waxhaw, N.C.: Wycliffe-JAARS Print Shop, 1968.
- Nguyễn Kiên Trường & Trương Anh. 2009. Từ Điển Việt - M'Nông. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Từ Điển Bách Khoa.