Stieng language
Stieng | |
---|---|
Xtiêng, ស្ទៀង | |
Native to | Vietnam, Cambodia, possibly also Laos |
Ethnicity | Stieng people |
Native speakers | 90,000 in Vietnam and Cambodia (2008 & 2009 censuses)[1][2] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:sti – Bulo Stiengstt – Budeh Stieng |
Glottolog | stie1250 |
ELP | Bulo Stieng |
Stieng (IPA:
There are noted dialects of Stieng, some of which may not be mutually intelligible. However, due to the lack of widely available research, this article will primarily describe the dialect known as Bulo Stieng spoken in the provinces of
Bulo Stieng is spoken in more remote areas of the mountains and jungles alongside its close relative, Mnong. Other dialects, including Bu Dek and Bu Biek, are spoken in the lowlands and exhibit more influence from Vietnamese.Unlike many other Mon–Khmer languages, Stieng does not distinguish
Phonology
Consonants
Haupers (1969) analyzes Stieng as having 25 consonant phonemes with three-way contrasts of
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
Voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |
Voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | |||
Voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
Voiced aspirated | bʰ | dʰ | ɟʰ | ɡʰ | |||
Pre-glottalized | ʔb | ʔd | |||||
Nasal
|
Voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Preglottalized | ʔm | ʔn | |||||
Fricative
|
Voiceless | s | (ç) | h | |||
Approximant
|
Voiced | w | l | r (ɾ) | j | ||
Preglottalized | ʔl | ʔj |
Consonants appearing in syllable coda are devoiced and unreleased. For the alveolar approximate, the trilled [r] is found in free variation with the flapped [ɾ]. The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] appears only in syllable coda as a complementary allophone of [s].
Vowels
The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteen monophthongs and two diphthongs. In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than [ɛ] ([æ]) in closed syllables. The vowel [ɛ] ([æ]) is short before h and long elsewhere. This lack of minimal pairs for [ɛ] ([æ]) and [ɛː] ([æː]) suggests that [ɛ], [æ], [ɛː] and [æː] are all allophones.[3]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i | iə̯ | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː uə̯ |
Close-mid | e (ɪ) | eː (ɪː) | oː | |||
Open-mid | ɛ (æ) | ɛː (æː) | ʌː | ɔː | ||
Open | a | aː | ɑ |
Symbols in parentheses represent allophonic variations.
References
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2009 Census
- ^ Cambodian Government National Institute of Statistics 2008 Census Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Haupers, Ralph. "Stieng Phonemes." The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 3. (1969): 131-137.
- ^ Ethnologue