Mongolia–Taiwan relations
Taiwan |
Mongolia |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office, Ulaanbaatar | Ulaanbaatar Trade and Economic Representative Office, Taipei |
At its establishment in 1912, the
In the absence of formal diplomatic relations between Mongolia and the Republic of China on Taiwan, the two countries have trade and economic representative offices, which function as de facto embassies: Taiwan is represented by an office in Ulaanbaatar,[1] and Mongolia is represented by an office in Taipei.[2]
History
Before 1949
Throughout history, regimes on the Mongolian steppe and China have waged war on numerous occasions. China's Great Wall was constructed to ward off invading hordes from the Mongolian steppe and Central Asia. For example, the Mongols under Kublai Khan conquered much of China and established the Yuan dynasty, and Mongolia later fell under control of the Qing dynasty of China.
During the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Outer Mongolia declared independence from China and formed the Bogd Khanate. In 1912, the Republic of China was established. Although many people of Inner Mongolia sought to accede to the new state, China retained its control over the area and reasserted control over Outer Mongolia in 1919.[3][4] Consequently, Mongolia sought Soviet Russian support to reclaim its independence. In 1921, both Chinese and White Russian forces were driven out by the Red Army of the Soviet Union and pro-Soviet Mongolian forces. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was formed.[3]
Under the terms of the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, the Republic of China was to recognize both Mongolian sovereignty and independence in 1946.[5][6] However, due to a border conflict on the Khovd/Sinkiang border, no diplomatic relations were established between 1946 and 1949.[7]
After 1949
In 1952, three years after the Republic of China's
The Legislative Yuan applied for a constitutional interpretation on 12 April 1993 to ask what the boundaries of the ROC national territory would be, while considering Outer Mongolia not included in the ROC territory.[11] However, the Judicial Yuan in its Interpretation 328 on 26 November 1993, called the constitutional territory beyond the reach of judicial review and thus avoided the question as whether Mongolia should be considered the constitutional territory of the Republic of China.[12]
In 1996, Taiwan's Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Office director said "The island's National Assembly does not necessarily have to make a constitutional amendment because Outer Mongolia's independence is well established."[13]
Relations changed in 2002, 91 years after Mongolia's first declaration of independence. At the time, the Republic of China still did not recognize Mongolia as an independent country; official maps of the Republic still showed Mongolia as its territory. When the
Education
There are approximately 1,400 Mongolian students in Taiwan, as of 2019.[21]
Trade
In 2017, bilateral trade between Taiwan and Mongolia was valued at US$44.84 million.[21]
See also
References
- ^ "Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)
- ^ a b "China-Mongolia Boundary" (PDF). International Boundary Study (173). The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Chinese Look To Their Neighbors For New Opportunities To Trade". International Herald Tribune. 4 August 1998. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
- S2CID 240274376.
- ^ "Onward to Mongolia", Taiwan Review, 1 January 2003, archived from the original on 7 February 2018, retrieved 6 February 2018
- ^ Dashtseren, Dashdavaa (September 2006). "BORDER PROTECTION AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF MONGOLIA" (PDF). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ Liu, Weiling (15 August 1997), "Mongolian visitors draw attention to border debate"[dead link], Taiwan Journal, retrieved 4 January 2010
- ^ "Taipei Sources Hint Veto on Outer Mongolia", The Washington Post, 20 November 1955, archived from the original on 24 May 2011, retrieved 5 February 2008
- ^ "Taiwan Veto Likely; Taipei Regime May Again Bar Outer Mongolia From U.N.", The New York Times, 22 April 1961, archived from the original on 22 July 2018, retrieved 5 February 2008
- ^ Legislative Yuan Constitutional Interpretation Application (in Chinese), Judicial Yuan, 12 April 1993, retrieved 22 December 2008
- ^ Judicial Yuan Interpretation 328 translated by Professor J. P. Fa, Judicial Yuan, 26 November 1993, archived from the original on 26 January 2009, retrieved 22 December 2008
- ^ "Taiwan recognizes Outer Mongolia". United Press International. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Major Taipei decision alters Mongolia's status", China Post, 27 February 2002, archived from the original on 21 January 2021, retrieved 5 February 2008
- ^ "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year", Taipei Times, 11 October 2002, archived from the original on 10 February 2009, retrieved 5 February 2008
- ^ "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year". Taipei Times. 11 October 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on 3 Oct, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country -- 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.
- ^ "Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China". BBC News. 26 February 2002. Archived from the original on 26 May 2004. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on". Taipei Times. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ "廢止蒙古盟部旗組織法". Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan) (in Chinese). 27 January 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "蒙古盟部旗組織法". Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ The Taipei Times. Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.