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"Chinese Taipei" is the term used in various international organizations and tournaments for groups or delegations representing the Republic of China (ROC), a country commonly known as Taiwan.
Due to the
"Chinese Taipei" is a
The popular opinions in Taiwan have changed drastically in regard to the
Origins
Two Chinas at the Olympics
In the aftermath of the
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized both the PRC and the ROC Olympic Committees in 1954.[20] In 1958, The PRC withdrew its membership from the IOC and nine other international sports organizations in protest against the two-Chinas policy. After the withdrawal of the PRC, the IOC had been using a number of names in international Olympic activities to differentiate the ROC from the PRC. "Formosa" was used at the 1960 Summer Olympics, and "Taiwan" was used in 1964 and 1968.[21][22] In 1975, the PRC applied to rejoin the IOC as the sole sports organization representing the whole China.[20] The Taiwanese team, competing under the name of Republic of China at the previous Olympics, was refused to represent itself as the "Republic of China" or use "China" in its name by host Canadian government at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[23][24] The IOC then voted to change the name of the ROC team to "Taiwan", which was rejected by the ROC, and the ROC announced withdrawal from the 1976 Summer Olympics a day before the opening ceremony.[25]
The top ROC leadership at the time asserted Chinese nationalism, contending both parts of divided China are Chinese territories and Taiwan did not represent all the regions of the ROC.[26][4][27] What people refer to as Taiwan is one of several areas or islands (Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu in addition to Taiwan) and Taiwan alone did not reflect the "territorial extent" of the ROC. Furthermore, although it is true that most products from the area controlled by the ROC are labeled "made in Taiwan", the trade practices of the ROC are such that the regional area of production is used for labeling. Some wines from Kinmen are labeled "made in Kinmen", just as some perfume are labeled "made in Paris" and not "made in France". Therefore, the ROC government refused to accept the name of Taiwan during the period.
1979 IOC resolutions
In April 1979, the IOC recognized the Olympic Committee of the PRC and maintained recognition of the Olympic Committee located in Taipei at the 81st IOC Session held in Montevideo.[28][29] The resolution left problems relating to the names, anthems and flags of both committees unsolved. The PRC showed a willingness to allow Taiwan to be included in the IOC but objected to the resolution, reaffirming sports organizations in Taiwan must not use any of the emblems of the Republic of China.[20] He Zhenliang, a representative of the PRC, stated in Montevideo:
According to the Olympic Charter, only one Chinese Olympic Committee should be recognized. In consideration of the athletes in Taiwan having an opportunity to compete in the Olympic Games, the sports constitution in Taiwan could function as a local organization of China and still remain in the Olympic Movement in the name of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. However, its anthem, flag and constitutions should be changed correspondingly.[30]
After the 81st Session, the IOC Executive Board designated the Olympic Committee in Beijing as the
The Nagoya Resolution was welcomed by the PRC as the resolution followed the PRC's One China principle,[20] whereas the ROC decided that the ROC Olympic Committee must strongly protest against the decisions.[27] From November 1979, the ROC Olympic Committee and Taiwan's IOC member, Henry Hsu, filed a series of lawsuits in Lausanne against the IOC for annulment of the Nagoya Resolution. Taiwanese officials also boycotted the 1980 Winter and Summer Games in protest of not being allowed to use the ROC's official name, flag and national anthem.[34][35]
1981 agreement
In 1980, the IOC amended the Olympic Charter so that all National Olympic Committees (NOCs) when participating in the Games could use delegation flags and anthems, instead of national ones.[27][36] Juan Antonio Samaranch, the new president of the IOC, met Henry Hsu several times to discuss the ROC Olympic Committee's status in the IOC. In order for the youth to participate in the Olympic Games and counteract the PRC's strategy of isolating the ROC, the ROC government concluded that the ROC Olympic Committee should not withdraw from the IOC.
In 1981, the ROC government formally accepted the name "Chinese Taipei".
Translation compromise
Chinese
Both the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) agree to use the English name "Chinese Taipei". The ambiguity of the English word "Chinese" may mean either the state or the culture. The ROC translates "Chinese Taipei" as Zhōnghuá Táiběi (simplified Chinese: 中华台北; traditional Chinese: 中華臺北). The term "Zhonghua" is also used in the ROC's official name and state-owned enterprises. Meanwhile, the PRC translates the name as Zhōngguó Táiběi (simplified Chinese: 中国台北; traditional Chinese: 中國臺北) or literally "Taipei, China", in the same manner as Zhōngguó Xiānggǎng (simplified Chinese: 中国香港; traditional Chinese: 中國香港) ("Hong Kong, China"), explicitly connoting that Taipei is a part of the Chinese state.[2] The disagreement was left unresolved, with both governments using their own translation domestically, until just before the 1990 Asian Games where Taiwan would officially participate under the Chinese Taipei name in a Chinese-language region for the first time, forcing the need for an agreement.[43][44]
In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China.[45][44] Domestically, the PRC continues to use its own "Taipei, China" translation.[46] During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Chinese state media used the agreed-upon Zhōnghuá Táiběi both internationally and in domestic press.[47] However, during the 2020 Summer Olympics, state media began using Zhōngguó Táiběi domestically 93% of the time.[48] During the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, China's state media's broadcast cut away to a clip of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping when Taiwan's delegation paraded as Zhōnghuá Táiběi. The broadcast in the stadium introduced the team as Zhōnghuá Táiběi, while the television broadcast commentator of China Central Television announced the delegation's name as Zhōngguó Táiběi.[49][50]
The World Health Organization, the international organization to both have Chinese as one of its official languages and have the ROC officially participate, uses Zhōnghuá Táiběi in meeting minutes when the ROC is officially invited,[51] but uses Zhōngguó Táiběi in all other contexts.[52]
Other languages
In French, multiple different names have been officially used. The
In
Use of the name
International organizations and forums
Besides the International Olympic Committee and sports organizations, Taiwan is a member economy of APEC and its official name in the organization is "Chinese Taipei".[62] Taiwan's name in the World Trade Organization, "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", is frequently abbreviated as Chinese Taipei.[63] It also participated as an invited guest in the World Health Organization (WHO) under the name of Chinese Taipei. The WHO is the only agency of the United Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971.[64]
The terminology has spilled into apolitical arenas. The PRC has successfully pressured some international organizations and NGOs to refer to the ROC as Chinese Taipei.[65] The International Society for Horticultural Science replaced "Taiwan" with "Chinese Taipei" in designation used for the membership.[66] In a similar case, two Taiwanese medical groups were forced to change the word "Taiwan" in their membership names of ISRRT due to a request by the WHO.[67]
In the
In Taiwan
The name is controversial in modern Taiwan; many Taiwanese see it as a result of shameful but necessary compromise, and a symbol of oppression that mainland China forced upon them.[9] The title "Chinese Taipei" has been described as confusing, as it leads some people to believe that "Taipei" is a country or that it is located in and/or governed by mainland China. Taiwanese Olympian Chi Cheng has described competing under the name as "aggravating, humiliating and depressing."[72]
Changing demographics and opinions in the country mean that more than 80% of citizens in 2016 see themselves as Taiwanese, not Chinese
2017 Summer Universiade
Use of the label came under vigorous renewed criticism during the run-up to the 2017 Summer Universiade, hosted in Taiwan.[78] An English-language guide to the Universiade was lambasted for its "absurd" use of the label.[79] The guide was rendered nonsensically by completely avoiding the name "Taiwan" not only when referring to the label under which Taiwanese athletes compete, but even when referring to geographical features such as the island of Taiwan itself. These statements included "Introduction of our Island: ... Chinese Taipei is long and narrow that lies north to south", and "Chinese Taipei is a special island and its Capital Taipei is a great place to experience Taipei's culture."
In response, the guide was withdrawn and shortly thereafter re-issued with the designation "Taiwan" reinstated.[80][81] Despite these corrections, hundreds of Taiwanese demonstrated in Taipei, demanding that Taiwan cease using "Chinese Taipei" at sporting events.[82][83][84]
2018 referendum
In February 2018, an alliance of civic organizations submitted a proposal to Taiwan's Central Election Commission (CEC).[85] The proposed referendum asks if the nation should apply under the name of "Taiwan" for all international sports events, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.[86] The proposal influenced the East Asian Olympic Committee (EAOC) to revoke Taichung's right to host the first East Asian Youth Games due to "political factors".[87] An International Olympic Committee (IOC) representative reportedly said this was entirely the decision of the EAOC, and the IOC had no role in the ruling.[88] The IOC also disapproved the altered name and sent three different warnings to the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee ahead of the referendum vote, concerning the renaming issue which may disbar Taiwan from Olympic competitions.[89][90]
Taiwanese people voted during the 2018 referendum to reject the proposal to change their official Olympic-designated name from Chinese Taipei to Taiwan.[91] The main argument for opposing the name change was worrying that Taiwan may lose its Olympic membership under Chinese pressure, which would result in athletes unable to compete in the Olympics.[9] Another proposal for the 2024 Summer Olympics was submitted to the Taiwan's CEC in 2021.[92] The proposal was ultimately rejected by the CEC due to concerns that it might fall outside the scope of the Referendum Act of Taiwan, potentially rendering the Act inapplicable to the matter at hand.[93][94]
Other alternative references to Taiwan
Terminology used to refer to the Republic of China has varied according to the geopolitical situation. Initially, the Republic of China was known simply as "China" until 1971 when the People's Republic of China replaced the Republic of China as the exclusive legitimate representative of "China" at the United Nations.[95][96][97] In order to distinguish the Republic of China from the People's Republic of China, there has been a growing current of support for the use of "Taiwan" in place of "China" to refer to the former.[98][99]
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu
In the World Trade Organization, the official full name of Taiwan is "Separate Customs Territory of
As with "Chinese Taipei", the ROC and PRC also disagree on the Chinese translation of this name. The ROC uses Tái Pēng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù (simplified Chinese: 台澎金马个别关税领域; traditional Chinese: 臺澎金馬個別關稅領域, literal translation: TPKM Separate Customs Territory), while the PRC uses Zhōngguó Táiběi Dāndú Guānshuì Qū (simplified Chinese: 中国台北单独关税区; traditional Chinese: 中國台北單獨關稅區, literal translation: Separate Customs Territory of Taipei, China).
Taiwan, Province of China
International organizations in which the PRC participates generally do not recognize Taiwan or allow its membership. Thus, for example, whenever the United Nations makes reference to Taiwan, which does not appear on its member countries list,[103] it uses the designation "Taiwan, Province of China", and organizations that follow UN standards usually do the same, such as the International Organization for Standardization in its listing of ISO 3166-1 country codes. Certain web-based postal address programs also label the country designation name for Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China".
Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs objected to the term together with other names including "Taiwan, China", "Taipei, China" and "Chinese Taiwan" in guidelines issued in 2018.[7][8]
Island of Taiwan/Formosa
The term
China or Republic of China
Some non-governmental organizations which the PRC does not participate in continue to use "China" or the "Republic of China". The
Countries that maintain diplomatic relations with
Governing authorities on Taiwan
The
Other non-specified areas
The United Nations publishes population projections for each nation, with nations grouped under geographic area; in 2015, the East Asia group contained an entry named "Other non-specified areas" referring to Taiwan. However, the 2017 publication updated the entry's name to the UN's preferred "Taiwan, Province of China".[107][108]
Gallery of Chinese Taipei flags
-
Flag of the Republic of China, origin of the Blue Sky with a White Sun symbol used in Olympic and other "Chinese Taipei" flags
-
Chinese Taipei Deaflympics flag
-
Chinese TaipeiUniversiadeflag
-
Chinese Taipei WorldSkills flag
-
Chinese Taipei FIRST Robotics Competition flag
-
Chinese Taipei volleyball flag
-
Flag of Chinese Taipei used in the Overwatch World Cup.
See also
- Foreign relations of Taiwan
- History of the Republic of China
- Sports in Taiwan
- Chinese Taipei at the Olympics
- Chinese Taipei at the Paralympics
- Chinese Taipei at the AFC Asian Cup
- Chinese Taipei at the Asian Games
- Chinese Taipei at the Hopman Cup
- Chinese Taipei at the Universiade
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Trong trận đấu quyết định chiều 6/2, trên sân D.Y.Patil (Navi Mumbai, Ấn Độ), Đội tuyển bóng đá nữ Việt Nam đã xuất sắc giành chiến thắng 2 - 1 trước đối thủ Đài Bắc, Trung Hoa, xuất sắc giành tấm vé trực tiếp tham dự World Cup 2023...
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6 Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa) 4 HC (1V, 1B, 2Đ)
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- ^ "屆期未補正 中選會駁回巴黎奧運正名公投提案". Radio Taiwan International (in Chinese). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- 國立政治大學. 2003年 [2016年2月24日] (in Chinese).
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- ^ 行政院研究發展考核委員會 (1 July 2009). 《政府開放政策對兩岸關係發展之影響與展望》. 臺灣: 威秀代理. pp. 第114頁至第115頁.
- ^ "「聯合國學者專家訪華團」一行8人應邀訪華 - 新聞稿及聲明". 參與國際組織. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
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- ^ Although such organizations are established in the mainland, there is no or less governmental or CPC support to them.
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- 臺北縣: 淡江大學東南亞研究所. p. 9. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
對於台灣的定義是規定在第十五條第二款:「台灣一詞:包括台灣島及澎湖群島,這些島上的居民,依據此等島所實施的法律而成立的公司或其他法人,以及1979年1月1日前美國所承認為中華民國的台灣統治當局與任何繼位統治當局(包括其政治與執政機構。)」從而可知,台灣關係法所規範的台灣只包括台灣和澎湖群島,並不包括金門、馬祖等外島。
- ^ Basten, Stuart (2013). "Redefining "old age" and "dependency" in the East Asian social policy narrative". Asian Social Policy and Social Work Review. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "2015 Revision of World Population Prospects". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
External links
- Media related to Flags of Chinese Taipei at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of Chinese Taipei at Wiktionary
- (in Chinese) 國民體育季刊 No. 156. Focus Topic: Olympic Model
- Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee Official Website