Moraceae
| Moraceae Temporal range: Cretaceous – Recent
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae Gaudich. (1835) nom. cons.[1][2] |
| Genera[2] | |
|
48; see text | |
The Moraceae—often called the mulberry family or fig family—are a family of
fig, banyan, breadfruit, jackfruit, mulberry, and Osage orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences
).
Description
Overall
The family varies from colossal trees like the Indian Banyan (
Flowers
The individual flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent
diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of the Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne.[7]
Leaves
The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species in question.[red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different, but coexist on the same plant.[8]
Fruits and seeds
Plant species in the Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the
mulberry from Morus rubra, the fig from Ficus carica, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus.[9][10]
Taxonomy
Formerly included within the now defunct order
Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae, and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in the Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in the Urticaceae.[11]
Monoecy
has evolved independently at least four times within the family.
Phylogeny
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest these relationships:[11][9][10][12]
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Tribes and genera
Moraceae is comprised 48 genera[2] in seven tribes.[13][14]
- Artocarpeae Lam. & DC. 1806
- Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (73 spp.)
- Batocarpus H.Karst. (3 spp.)
- Clarisia Ruiz & Pav. (4 spp.)
- MaclureaeW.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009)
- Maclura Nutt. (13 spp.)
- Parartocarpeae
- Hullettia King ex Hook.f. (2 spp.)
- Parartocarpus Baill. (2 spp.)
- Pseudostreblus Bureau (1 sp.)
- Olmedieae Trécul 1847 (syn. Castilleae)
- Antiaris Lesch. (1 sp.)
- Antiaropsis K.Schum. (2 spp.)
- Castilla Cerv. (3 spp.)
- Helicostylis Trécul (8 spp.)
- Maquira Aubl. (4 spp.)
- Mesogyne Engl. (1 sp.)
- Naucleopsis Miq. (25 spp.)
- Olmedia Ruiz & Pav. (1 sp.)
- Perebea Aubl. (10 spp.)
- Poulsenia Eggers (1 sp.)
- Pseudolmedia Trécul (11 spp.)
- Sparattosyce Bur. (2 spp.)
- Streblus Lour. (5 spp.)
- Dorstenieae Dumort. 1830
- Bleekrodea Blume (3 spp.)
- Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & T.Durand (1 sp.)
- Brosimum Sw. (19 spp.)
- Broussonetia L’Hér. ex Vent. (4 spp.)
- Dorstenia L. (122 spp.)
- Fatoua Gaudich. (3 spp.)
- Malaisia Blanco 1837 (1 sp.)
- Scyphosyce Baill. (3 spp.)
- Sloetia Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz (1 sp.)
- Sloetiopsis Engl. (1 sp.)
- Trilepisium Thouars (2 sp.)
- Utsetela Pellegr. (2 sp.)
- FiceaeGaudich. 1830
- Ficus L. (880 spp.)
- Moreae Dumort. 1829
- Afromorus E.M.Gardner
- Ampalis Bojer (2 spp.)
- Bagassa Aubl. (1 sp.)
- Maillardia Frapp. ex Duch. (2 spp.)
- MiliciaSim (2 spp.)
- Morus L. (17 spp.)
- Paratrophis Blume (12 spp.)
- Sorocea A.St.-Hil. (22 spp.)
- Taxotrophis Blume (6 spp.)
- Trophis P.Browne (5 spp.)
Other genera accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2024[update]:
- Allaeanthus Thwaites (4 spp.)
- Calaunia Gudzins. (1 sp.)
- Hijmania M.D.M.Vianna (4 spp.)
- Prainea King ex Hook.f. (2 spp.)
- Treculia Decne. ex Trécul (5 spp.)
Fossil genera and species
In addition to the living species, a number of fossil genera have been ascribed to the family:[15]
- †Aginoxylon Dupéron, 1977
- Aginoxylon moroides Dupéron, 1977
- †Artocarpidium Unger, 1850
- †Artocarpoides Saporta, 1865
- †Arthmiocarpus Delevoryas, 1964
- †Artocarpoxylon Prakash & Lalitha, 1978
- †Becktonia M. Chandler, 1961
- †Becktonia hantonensis M. Chandler, 1961
- †Cornerocarpon Grote, 2013
- †Cornerocarpon copiosum Grote, 2013
- †Coussapoites Pons, 1976
- †Coussapoites veracruzianus Pons, 1976
- †Cudranioxylon Dupéron-Laudoueneix, 1980
- †Cudranioxylon engolismense Dupéron-Laudoueneix, 1980
- †Ficofolium Peters, 1963
- †Ficofolium weylandii Peters, 1963
- †Ficonium Ettingshausen, 1883
- †Ficonium nitidum Paterson, 1934
- †Ficonium silesiacum (Velenovský) Halamski & J. Kvaček, 2015
- †Ficonium solanderi Ettingshausen, 1883
- †Milicioxylon Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012
- †Milicioxylon kachchhense Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012
- †Moraceoipollenites Zheng, 1999
- †Moricites Krüger, 1825
- †Moroidea M. Chandler, 1957
- †Moroidea baltica Dorofeev, 1982
- †Moroidea caucasica Dorofeev, 1982
- †Moroidea cretacea Knobloch & Mai, 1986
- †Moroidea hordwellensis M. Chandler, 1961
- †Moroidea reticulata Dorofeev, 1963
- †Moroidea tymensis Dorofeev, 1963
- †Moroxylon Selmeier, 1993
- †Myrianthoxylon Koeniguer, 1978
- Myrianthoxylon chaloneri Koeniguer, 1978
- †Ovicarpum M. Chandler, 1962
- †Palaeokalopanax Fotjanova, 1984
- †Palaeokalopanax kamtschaticus Fotjanova, 1984
- †Palaeokalopanax vollosovitschii Chelebaeva, 2005
- †Paleoficus Biswas
- †Protoficus Saporta, 1868
- †Protoficus crenulata Saporta, 1868
- †Protoficus crispans Langeron, 1900
- †Protoficus dentatus Langeron, 1899
- †Protoficus insignis Saporta, 1868
- †Protoficus lacera Saporta, 1868
- †Protoficus nervosa Newberry, 1883
- †Protoficus saportae Principi, 1916
- †Protoficus sezannensis (Watelet) Saporta, 1868
- †Soroceaxylon Franco, 2010
- Soroceaxylon entrerriense Franco, 2010
- †Ungerites Schleiden, 1855 (syn Ficoxylon)
- †Ungerites tropicus Schleiden, 1855
- †Welkoetoxylon Boonchai, Manchester, & Wheeler, 2015
- †Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum Boonchai, Manchester, & Wheeler, 2015
Evolution
While the
Distribution
Moraceae can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species originate in the Old World tropics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific islands.[16]
See also
References
- hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- ^ a b c Moraceae Gaudich. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-878-93407-2.
- ^ Andrews, F.W. D.Sc. (1952). The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan – Volume 2. Arbroath, Scotland: T. Buncle and Co. p. 260.
- ^ Thulin, M. et al. (2008). Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- .
- ^ TWC Staff (2018). "Morus rubra (Red Mulberry)". Wildflower.org.
- ^ PMID 21653431.
- ^ S2CID 85680800.
- ^ PMID 21665755.
- ^ PMID 16112884.
- ^ Gardner, E.M., Garner, M., Cowan, R., Dodsworth, S., Epitawalage, N., Arifiani, D., Sahromi, , Baker, W.J., Forest, F., Maurin, O., Zerega, N.J.C., Monro, A.K. and Hipp, A. (2021), Repeated parallel losses of inflexed stamens in Moraceae: Phylogenomics and generic revision of the tribe Moreae and the reinstatement of the tribe Olmedieae (Moraceae).Taxon, 70: 946-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12526
- ^ Hepworth C (2018). "Moraceae – The Mulberry Family". Florida Fruit Geek.
- ^ "Moraceae". The International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 9 Feb 2023.
- PMID 16112884.)
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External links
Wikispecies has information related to Moraceae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moraceae.