Mount Takahe
Mount Takahe | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 3,460 m (11,350 ft)[1] |
Prominence | 2,144 m (7,034 ft) [2][3] |
Listing | Volcanoes in Antarctica |
Coordinates | 76°17′S 112°05′W / 76.28°S 112.08°W[1] |
Geography | |
Continent | Antarctica |
Region | Marie Byrd Land, |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Shield volcano |
Volcanic field | Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province |
Last eruption | 5550 BC (?)[1] |
Mount Takahe is a 3,460-metre-high (11,350 ft) snow-covered
The volcano was active in the
Mount Takahe's last eruption occurred about 7,600 years ago, and there is no present-day activity.Geography and geomorphology
The mountain's name refers to the takahē, a flightless nearly extinct bird from New Zealand; members of the 1957–1958 Marie Byrd Land Traverse party nicknamed an aircraft that had resupplied them "takahe".[5] It was first visited in 1957–1958 and again in 1968,[6] 1984–1985 and 1998–1999.[7]
Mount Takahe is at the
The volcanic mountain rises 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) above the ice level
The volcano is largely uneroded, mostly hiding the internal structure which would clarify its history.
Glaciation
Mount Takahe is almost entirely covered by ice of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,[31] which rises about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.[11] A tributary of the Thwaites Glacier passes close by.[38] There are two small glaciers on the volcano itself, on the southwestern and northern flanks.[11] They are eroding eruption products from the summit area,[35] and moraines have been mapped both on the western flank and in the summit caldera.[29] Glacial erosion is slight, with only a few corries cut into the lower slopes.[39] The ice cover on the mountain includes both snow-covered and ice-covered areas,[40] with sastrugi and other wind-roughened surfaces.[41] The cold dry polar environment retards weathering.[14] Air temperatures are usually below freezing.[41]
Some rock units at the foot of the volcano were emplaced underneath ice or water
Geology
The West Antarctic Rift System is a
About 18 central volcanoes were active in Marie Byrd Land from the Miocene[f] to the Holocene.[15] Among the volcanic areas in Marie Byrd Land are the Flood Range with Mount Berlin, the Ames Range, the Executive Committee Range with Mount Sidley and Mount Waesche, the Crary Mountains, Toney Mountain, Mount Takahe and Mount Murphy.[53] These volcanoes mainly occur in groups or chains,[51] but there also are isolated edifices.[47] Mount Takahe is located in the eastern Marie Byrd Land volcanic province[7] and with an estimated volume of 5,520 cubic kilometres (1,320 cu mi)[g][55] could be the largest of the Marie Byrd Land volcanoes, comparable to Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa.[56]
Most of these volcanoes are large, capped off by a summit caldera and appear to have begun as fast-growing shield volcanoes. Later, calderas formed. Eventually, late in the history of the volcanoes parasitic vents were active.[15] The volcanoes are all surmounted by rocks composed of trachyte, phonolite, pantellerite, or comendite.[57] Their activity has been attributed either to the reactivation of crustal structures or to the presence of a mantle plume.[48] The volcanoes rise from a Paleozoic basement.[51]
Mount Takahe may feature a large
Composition
Trachyte is the most common rock on Mount Takahe, phonolite being less common. Basanite, hawaiite, and mugearite are uncommon,[29] but the occurrence of benmoreite[17] and pantellerite has been reported,[22] and some rocks have been classified as andesites.[61] Hawaiite occurs exclusively in the older outcrops, basanite only in parasitic vents[25] and mugearite only on the lower sector of the volcano.[62] Despite this, most of the volcano is believed to consist of mafic rocks with only about 10–15% of felsic rocks,[63] as the upper visible portion of the volcano could be resting on a much larger buried base. The parasitic vents probably make up less than 1% of the edifice.[10] Ice-lava interactions produced hyaloclastite, palagonite and sideromelane.[11] No major changes in magma chemistry occurred during the last 40,000 years[64] but some variation has been recorded.[65]
All these rocks appear to have a common origin and define an alkaline[29]–peralkaline suite.[66] Phenocrysts include mainly plagioclase, with less common olivine and titanomagnetite;[67] apatite has been reported as well.[61] The magmas appear to have formed through fractional crystallization at varying pressures,[68] and ultimately came from the lithosphere at 80–90-kilometre (50–56 mi) depth,[69] that was affected by subduction processes[70] over 85 million years ago.[6]
Eruption history
The volcano was active in the late
Early research indicated that most of Mount Takahe formed underneath the ice, but more detailed field studies concluded that most of the volcano developed above the ice surface.
Tephra in ice cores
Tephra layers in ice cores drilled at Byrd Station have been attributed to Mount Takahe.[79] The volcano reaches an altitude high enough that tephras erupted from it can readily penetrate the tropopause and spread over Antarctica through the stratosphere.[80] The occurrence of several volcanic eruptions in the region about 30,000 years ago has been suggested to have caused a cooling of the climate of Antarctica,[81] but it is also possible that the growth of the ice sheets at that time squeezed magma chambers at Mount Takahe and thus induced an increase of the eruptive activity.[82]
Assuming that most tephra layers at Byrd come from Mount Takahe, it has been inferred that the volcano was very active between 60,000 and 7,500 years ago, with nine eruptive periods and two pulses between 60,000 and 57,000 and 40,000–14,000 years ago. In the latter part of the latter period hydrovolcanic eruptions became dominant at Mount Takahe, with a maximum around the time when the Wisconsin glaciation ended.[78] It is possible that between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago, either a crater lake formed in the caldera or the vents were buried by snow and ice. The caldera itself might have formed between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago, probably not through a large explosive eruption.[64]
It cannot be entirely ruled out that Byrd Station tephras originate at other volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land[83] such as Mount Berlin. In particular, tephra layers between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago have been attributed to the latter volcano.[84][85]
Tephra layers from Mount Takahe have also been found at
A series of eruptions about 200 years long took place at Mount Takahe 17,700 years ago.
Holocene and recent activity
Activity waned after this point, two hydromagmatic eruptions being recorded 13,000 and 9,000 years ago and a magmatic eruption 7,500 years ago.
The Global Volcanism Program reports 5550 BC as the date of the last known eruption,
Named features
Named features of the mountain, clockwise from the north, include Clausen Glacier, Knezevich Rock, Stauffer Bluff, Oeschger Bluff, Bucher Rim, Jaron Cliffs, Möll Spur, Steuri Glacier, Cadenazzi Rock, Roper Point and Gill Bluff.[111]
Feature | Coordinates | Description |
---|---|---|
Clausen Glacier | 76°10′S 112°03′W / 76.167°S 112.050°W | A narrow glacier draining northward from the summit of Mount Takahe. The terminus of the glacier is just west of Knezevich Rock. It was mapped by the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1969–70.[112]
|
Knezevich Rock | 76°10′S 112°00′W / 76.167°S 112.000°W. | A rock outcrop on the lower part of the north slope of Mount Takahe. It lies at the east side of the mouth of Clausen Glacier. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Nick Knezevich Jr., United States Navy, electronics technician at South Pole Station, 1974.[113] |
Stauffer Bluff | 76°10′S 111°46′W / 76.167°S 111.767°W. | A rocky bluff at the northeast extremity of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Bernhard Stauffer (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69 and 1969–70.[114] |
Oeschger Bluff | 76°24′S 111°48′W / 76.400°S 111.800°W. | A flat-topped snow and rock bluff that projects from the southeast part of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Hans Oeschger (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69 and 1969–70.[115] |
Bucher Rim | 76°19′S 112°00′W / 76.317°S 112.000°W | A rocky eminence on the south portion of the rim of the extinct volcano Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Peter Bucher (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1969–70.[116] |
Jaron Cliffs | 76°23′S 112°10′W / 76.383°S 112.167°W. | A line of steep, snow-covered cliffs on the south side of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Helmut P. Jaron, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.[117] |
Möll Spur | 76°23′S 112°09′W / 76.383°S 112.150°W. | A jagged rock spur which juts southward from Jaron Cliffs on the southern slope of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Markus Moll (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1969–70.[118] |
Steuri Glacier | 76°23′S 112°24′W / 76.383°S 112.400°W. | A glacier descending the southern slopes of Mount Takahe. The feature is 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) west of Moll Spur. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Heinrich Steuri (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69.[119] |
Cadenazzi Rock | 76°18′S 112°39′W / 76.300°S 112.650°W. | A rock outcrop 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) east of Roper Point on the west slope of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Michael P. Cadenazzi, United States Navy, LH-34 helicopter commander. He flew close support missions for USARP scientists during the 1969–70 and 1970–71 seasons.[120] |
Roper Point | 76°19′S 112°54′W / 76.317°S 112.900°W. | A largely ice-covered point, but with some rock exposures, at the west extremity of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Nathaniel A. Roper, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.[121] |
Gill Bluff | 76°14′S 112°33′W / 76.233°S 112.550°W. | A rock bluff on the northwest side of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air potographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Allan Gill, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.[122] |
See also
- List of Ultras of Antarctica
Explanatory notes
- ^ From 2.58 million years ago to present.[4]
- ^ The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and continues to the present day.[4]
- ^ Alternative heights of 3,398 metres (11,148 ft)[18] or 3,390 metres (11,120 ft) have also been reported.[19] The initial measurements and airborne measurements of Mount Takahe's height have discrepancies of as much as 103 metres (338 ft).[20]
- aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.[30]
- ^ Between 251.902 ± 0.024 and 66 million years ago.[4]
- ^ From 23.03 million years ago to 5.333 million years ago.[4]
- ^ Of which 780 cubic kilometres (190 cu mi) risee above the surrounding ice.[54]
- ^ A tephra layer emplaced at Siple Dome 19,700 years ago has been correlated to eruptions at Takahe.[90]
References
Citations
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External links
- "Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond". Amar Andalkar's Ski Mountaineering and Climbing Site. 2007 [1997]. Retrieved 14 January 2005.