N. Porsenna
N. Porsenna | |
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Modernist literature |
N. Porsenna (pen name of Nicu Porsena Ionescu, also known as Nicu Porsenna or Porsena; 13 January 1892 – 18 January 1971) was a Romanian lawyer, writer, publisher, social psychologist, and political figure, also active as a paranormal investigator. Born to a successful printer, whose business he inherited at age 20, he began his career in letters, and his lifelong participation in polemics, while attending
Porsenna returned to civilian life following
Porsenna rebuilt his career in publishing, but his own activity as a novelist was largely ignored, or generally disliked, by the interwar critics. He also spent his own money on producing a film version of his novel Se-aprind făcliile ("They're Lighting Torches"), which came out just as World War II had started. The Nazi-aligned regime of Ion Antonescu assigned him to its Labor Ministry, where he became an advocate of social welfare and a corporatist doctrinaire; in tandem, he embarked on a celebrated career as a translator of world literature, especially focused on poetry by Oscar Wilde and Edgar Allan Poe. His association with the Antonescu regime brought his downfall upon Romania's changing of sides: though he remained active within the Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu, he lost all his political privileges. The communist takeover in 1948 pushed him into hiding and near-complete seclusion, leading the Securitate to assume that he had escaped the country.
Porsenna was ultimately denounced and arrested in 1957, then prosecuted, alongside
Early life
The future writer, who listed himself as "of Romanian nationality and ethnic origin",[1] was born as Nicu Porsena Ionescu on 13 January 1892. His exact place of birth is Strada Doamnei 14, Lipscani, Bucharest.[2][3] This was the domicile of his father, the printer Gheorghe (or George) Ionescu, and mother Maria (née Cordea).[2] Nicu's maternal grandfather was a Transylvanian immigrant to Wallachia, who had served as a Barrier Captain in the Bucharest police.[3] The surname "Ionescu" was originally Gheorghe's patronymic, fixated during his time in school; originally from Afumați in Wallachia, he had spent some of his youth as a homeless urchin, owing his success to being selected as an apprentice by C. Petrescu-Conduratu. He was serving as general manager of Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl, one of Romania's most prestigious presses, and later set up his own firm, Tipografia George Ionescu.[4] The future writer's second birth name, and his selected pen name, was chosen by his father to honor Lars Porsena, the ancient Etruscan king.[3][5][6] Gheorghe, who cultivated literature and corresponded with historian Nicolae Iorga, had given unusual, bookish names, to all his children. Three of Nicu's sisters were known as Lucreția, Eugenia, and Gilberta; a brother was baptized Flavius.[5]
Nicu was a student of Matei Basarab National College from 1902.[7] In February 1909, he and classmate Adrian Maniu co-authored and recited a poem that parodied Symbolist cliches.[8] He was attending the high school literary club, chaired by folklorist Theodor Speranția, where, in June, he restated his dislike of Symbolism in a public dispute with another colleague, C. Vlădescu.[9] In 1910, when his poems first appeared in print in Viața Socială journal, Porsenna had enlisted at the University of Bucharest, ultimately majoring in Philosophy and Law in 1914.[10] During his second year, in August 1912, he formed a student movement in opposition to the mainstream body, receiving pledges of support from young authors such as Maniu, Scarlat Froda, and Theodor Solacolu.[11] It was around this time that Porsenna met Ilie Cătărău, a Bessarabian refugee, university colleague, and future terrorism suspect—seen by Porsenna (his reputed confidant) as a spy for the Romanian Siguranța.[12]
Upon graduation, Porsenna was admitted into the bar association of Ilfov County.[6][4] His other career was in journalism: On 1 May 1912, his father died,[13] leaving him the family printing press; that year, he also began contributing to Flacăra, with sporadic articles—a collaboration that only ended in 1923.[6] For such pieces, he sometimes used the signatures "Cronicarul Dâmboviței", "N. A.", and "N. Albotă"; pen names he used on other projects include "Ing. N. Florian", "N. G. Ionescu-Negion" (or just "Negion"), "I. N. Miereanu", "M. Rantea", and "Styx".[14] With Sergiu Manolescu, Porsenna published a work of social psychology in French, as Interdépendance des facteurs sociaux ("The Interdependence of Social Factors"). Appearing in 1913 at Tipografia George Ionescu, it was designed as a partial correction of Émile Durkheim's theories, with input from the "opposing system" advanced by Gabriel Tarde, and thus rehabilitated the notion and study of human agency.[15] In March 1914, Noua Revistă Română hosted an article by Porsenna, wherein he outlined Félix Le Dantec's "theory of life".[16]
In late 1913, Porsenna published his debut novellas, as La judecata Zeilor ("A Tribunal of Gods"). The volume was reviewed as an oddity, by Albert Honigman, the columnist at
World War I
In 1914, Porsenna also issued a debut novel and began putting out his own newspaper, Latinul ("The Latin"), accompanied by a magazine, Ghilotina ("The Guillotine"), which appeared from November 1915 to March 1916[18] with Froda as the editorial secretary.[4] Here, he focused for a while on attacking liberal theorist Eugen Lovinescu, whom he likened to a "barking mutt".[19] Porsenna's work as a raconteur was continued in 1915 by a collection of mainly satirical prose, Dincolo de iubire și de moarte ("Beyond Love and Death"), which evidence the intellectual influence of Anatole France and Oscar Wilde.[10] His 1916 novel, Magdalena, was briefly reviewed in Panait Mușoiu's Revista Ideei as "revelations sketched out with a very lively talent [...] which gentle souls would do well to heed."[20] As clarified in the prologue, it was designed as an experiment in anti-art and unreliable narration, drawing attention to processes of self-mystification—to the lyricism of love imagined when compared to the banality of one's amorous biography.[10]
Porsenna's career was touched by political tension during the first two years of World War I, when
The country joined the Entente following an
Porsenna resumed his career as an editor in March 1918, when Romania was considering
Porsenna ended his military service as a Lieutenant with the 1st Mountain Artillery Division, receiving in 1931 the Order of Michael the Brave.[30] The Marghilomanist episode, which implied a degree of cooperation with the occupying German Army, endured as a topic of controversy. As late as 1937, lawyer and polemicist Traian Dimitriu-Șoimu spoke of Porsenna as a product of "Marghiloman's stables".[2] Porsenna had in fact been dispossessed by the Germans, who dismantled Tipografia George Ionescu, forcing him out of the printing business.[31] The final stages of his mandate as a legislator saw a reversal of fortunes, which began in October 1918, with the Aster Revolution in Austria-Hungary. From the rostrum, he saluted these developments, encouraging the Romanians of Transylvania to seize the opportunity and obtain regional autonomy.[32]
Interwar politics
In the resulting Greater Romania, which included both Transylvania and Bessarabia, Porsenna was recognized as a professional author: completing two more novels and two collections of stories by 1921, he was head of Gutenberg publishing house from 1920, and a member of the Romanian Writers' Society from 1923.[6] According to a tongue-in-cheek statement by Șeicaru, Arena went under because: "We were all aged 24 and all of us natural-born bosses. This is why we split up in no time, and went on to establish, each in turn, our very own gazettes".[33] Literary historian Paul Cernat notes that Porsenna was founder of the newspaper Naționalul ("The National");[34] in 1921–1922,[35] he was also Flacăra's co-editor, which implied an association with Brătianu's National Liberal Party. Porsenna was, or was perceived to be, a member of the latter group.[36]
Strigoii ("The Ghosts"), appearing in 1920, was supposed to be Porsenna's first work of "serious" literature, since it tackled the sobering experience of war.[10] It was however panned by an indignant Vinea (whose relationship with Porsenna had grown visibly strained);[34] Vinea who suggested that Strigoii could only be called a novel because of its overall size.[37] As Teutișan notes, interwar critics almost always ignored Porsenna, and their indifference was not unjustified: the novels evidenced a "mix of intelligence and naive, braggart attitudes", cultivating sensationalism and interrupting the narrative flow with "wisecracking commentary, sometimes thrown in just for the feel of it."[38] Porsenna was not dissuaded by the poor reception—his younger friend Gheorghe Penciu reports that he showed "exaggerated modesty and shyness" in his private life, being indifferent to public honors while also unrelenting in his polemics with more prestigious literary figures.[39] He continued with a series of political novels and novellas, including Spre fericire ("Toward Happiness") and the Southern Dobrujan-themed Visătorii ("The Dreamers").[10]
In early 1922, Porsenna stirred a national controversy with his Flacăra articles, which deplored the effects of National Liberal governance over Bessarabia. These attacked the relevant ministry, headed by Ion Inculeț, and validated the Bessarabian peasants' disgust with Old-Kingdom Romanians, whom they allegedly perceived as "Gypsies".[36] Government intervened to have the magazine suspended, and Sergiu Manolescu, who was serving as chief editor, stepped down, to be replaced by the more compliant Gala Galaction.[36] In August of that year, Nicu Ionescu's literary name became his legal surname, though spelled as "Porsena". According to a hostile claim by Dimitriu-Șoimu, a ban on changing one's first names resulted in his being legally known as "Nicu Porsena Porsena".[2] He sometimes rendered his chosen name as "Nicolae Porsenna", using the more formal version of "Nicu".[1][40] In January 1923, while also co-opted as a board member by the local subsidiary of Pirelli,[41] Porsenna married an actress, Dorina Fundulescu.[42] He published a translated version of Războiul popoarelor, as La guerre des peuples.[6] In tandem, Porsenna became passionate about parapsychology and spiritism. In the short story Moartea galbenă ("Yellow Death"), he had described esotericism as the most accomplished development of the human mind, directly above scientific knowledge;[10] in 1927, he published an article on automatic writing.[43] Porsenna also had contributions as an inventor, especially between 1930 and 1944—holding patents to designs for a type of insulated glazing, a sound-to-film technique, a method for putting out oil well fires, and a family car.[6]
In 1928, as a columnist at Rampa daily, Porsenna mocked the left-wing "mysticism" advanced by Leo Tolstoy and the Tolstoyans, as well as by the Narodniks, contending that: "Adoring just one social class is an error, leading one into sectarianism."[44] Porsenna's own political involvement was with the far-right, beginning with the National-Christian Defense League (LANC). In December 1925, when the LANC's A. C. Cuza established a "Bank of National Defense", which "will supply cheap credit only to Christian Romanians", Porsenna signed on as one of the founding members—alongside Sebastian Bornemisa, Ion Zelea Codreanu, Nicolae Paulescu, Valer Pop, and some others.[45] In September 1927, he was elected a member of the LANC's Central Executive Committee, voting to expel former chairman Cuza from his own party.[40]
In early 1935, under contract with Editura Cugetarea,[46] Porsenna issued another collection of stories. Named after the main piece, Se-aprind făcliile, it is primarily noted by Teutișan for a Sherlock Holmes pastiche, in which the titular character is outed as an unintelligent reprobate.[47] The author's claim to a moral high ground, as expressed in that volume, was mocked by diarist-politician Constantin Argetoianu. He alleged that Dorina Porsenna was being pimped out by her husband, who lived on the gifts provided by her wealthy clients (including Ion Boambă, who was Argetoianu's father-in-law).[48] Also in 1935, Nicu Porsenna rallied with a far-right group called Romanian Front (FR), which introduced a Jewish quota, alongside similar restrictions for other minority groups. He praised this policy in an article originally published in Parlamentul Românesc, noting that the FR represented the truest legacy of "Romanianism" and local agrarianism.[49] Political scientist Victor Rizescu notes that the "protection of national labor", a concept introduced by G. Dulca in the spring of 1935, was fully embraced by Porsenna, now a "notorious anti-Semitic publicist"; both wrote for D. R. Ioanițescu's journal, Politica Socială.[50]
Porsenna was included on the Front's list of candidates in the local elections of September 1936 (shared with members of Cuza's National Christian Party).[51] He ran again in the May 1937 election, which saw the FR taking second place at Ilfov; the results were highly controversial, and open to litigation, since it remained unclear how many seats were legally reserved for the electoral minority. The local tribunal ruled on the issue on 2 June, with Porsenna validated as the seventh of fourteen FR county councilors.[52] He was still outraged by the appointment of non-elected members who outweighed the vote, and, by 28 June, was only attending to ask that the council dissolve itself.[53] Porsenna tried to litigate the invalidation of his party colleague, Constantin Dobrișan, who had run despite being a schoolteacher. According to Porsenna, the law allowed high-school teachers to engage in electoral politics, and this permission would also cover Dobrișan; his reading was dismissed as incompetent by Stanciu Stoian, of the rival National Peasantists, who claimed: "Mr N. Porsena is a sophist of the cheapest variety, who likes to hear himself speak".[54]
In the late 1930s, Porsenna also became a sympathizer of the Iron Guard, and a regular contributor to, and editor of,[10] the Guardist paper Ideea Liberă—alongside the likes of Constantin Fântâneru, Radu Gyr, Mihail Polihroniade, and Simion Stolnicu.[55] With this collaboration, he rendered explicit his critique of Nicolae Iorga's Democratic Nationalists, sparking indignation among Iorga's disciples. The resulting polemic, peaking in October 1937, put an end to Porsenna's links with the FR, which clarified that it had no links with Ideea Liberă, and that Iorga was a friend.[2] According to Penciu, Iorga viewed the clash of ideas as a "personal conflict."[22] Regenerarea neamului românesc ("Regeneration of the Romanian People"), appearing at Editura Cugetarea in 1937, was Porsenna's main contribution to a debate on national psychology,[6] seeking to identify "the causes of poverty and underdevelopment".[10] His approach was that of a harsh but loving critic of his own people, especially its peasant class—he pointed to the "primitive life" of villages, but noted that peasants were being taxed so as to provide for an "army of useless clerks"; he demanded that Westernization be accelerated, suggesting that the Romanian intellect was commendable, but undisciplined, and therefore "sterile".[6] The book invited Romanians to maintain "ethnic solidarity", warning that only this could ensure survival against "5 million minority ethnics, of whom 2 million are Jews, who are readied for life in the most formidable way."[56] With this tract, Porsenna also shared his beliefs about the "racial" characteristics of local subgroups. He thus argued that Oltenians were the most detestable among the Romanians, equivalent to Gascons in their supposed penchant for lying and their being "haughty to the point of insanity".[57]
Social rise and downfall
Porsenna, who was also co-opted as publisher at Editura Cugetarea,[10] expanded on his theoretician's work with Proporția etnică și primatul muncii românești ("Ethnic Proportionality and the Primacy of Romanian Labor"). Appearing in 1938, it included a formal denunciation of antisemitism, and clarified that its proposals for social reform had nothing in common with the "proletarian beastliness" of communism.[10] The study drew attention in the rival Kingdom of Hungary, with its daring claims about Transylvanian Hungarians and other ethnic minorities. In a 1941 overview for Kisebbségvédelem journal, scholar András Arató noted that Porsenna, a "well-known right-wing writer and political reformer", had proposed the Romanianization of minorities by voluntary means (which implied that non-Romanians wishing to integrate ethnically would have to abide by a set of rules), as well as by more violent ones—such as resettling and dispersing them in rural areas, which could be thus become "wonderful farmlands." Arató declared himself shocked by Porsenna's "determination and cynicism."[58]
The period saw Porsenna returning to his psychic research, with Les hypostases de l'âme humaine ("The States of the Human Soul"), which was preserved as a manuscript by Valère Musatesco. It outlined a substance theory of the soul, seen by him as a doubling of the self.[59] In 1939, Porsenna and Isaia Răcăciuni wrote a screenplay variant of Se-aprind făcliile, but its production was beset by numerous difficulties,[60] with Porsenna spending much of his own fortune[6] (some 3 million lei)[10] on the filming process. It was finally completed, with Ion Șahighian as director, and George Vraca as the lead; Emil Botta and female singer Maria Tănase had minor parts. Described by film historian Călin Stănculescu as a "melodrama from the life of Romania's grand bourgeoisie",[61] it told the story of a young woman "falling prey to a love affair that is as irresistible as it is unbecoming", hinting at the "incongruity between superior intellects and a mundane, regular setting."[10] It is now considered a lost film.[61]
Porsenna's wartime service was recognized by the National Renaissance Front in June 1940, when he was inducted into the Order of the Crown of Romania, as a Knight.[30] This came just as the Greater Romanian project was coming to an end. In July, between the cession of Bessarabia to the Soviet Union and ahead of a Nazi-mediated partition of Transylvania, Porsenna advised the Gigurtu government to prepare Romanians for population exchanges.[62] His main projects for 1941 included a translation (and critical study) of Cicero's biography, originally by Alphonse de Lamartine.[38] In September 1941, at the height of World War II and Ion Antonescu's dictatorship, he was a councilor for the Labor Ministry, in the social welfare directorate (called Luptă și Lumină, "Struggle and Enlightenment"). In this capacity, he instructed factory owners to embrace corporate solidarism, defined as a "collaboration between capital and labor"; he also curated "workers' libraries", which were to be made mandatory in all factories.[63] In January 1942, he donated his own estate, a 900-hectares plot outside Otopeni, for the state to build a "citadel of the workers";[64] his own residence was recorded as Lascăr Catargiu Boulevard 27, in downtown Bucharest.[1] In early 1943, as a member of Concordia Society, Dorina was networking with the Romanian Red Cross, channeling funds for soldiers fighting the Soviets on the Eastern Front.[65]
Porsenna was additionally employed as editor of Muncitorul Național Român, the Ministry's publication, or "social tribune",
The Antonescu regime and its alliance with the
Imprisonment and persecution
The establishment of a
On 26 June 1957, which was Zoe's birthday, the Securitate responded to an anonymous tip (allegedly from Dorina or from a woman picked up during the stake-out); its agents stormed the apartment, arresting both of its tenants.[5] Penciu, who met him later in Aiud Prison, believes that Porsenna was tortured by the Securitate and subjected to "unparalleled humiliation" while in preliminary confinement.[4] He was ultimately sentenced for the crime of "conspiracy against the social order",[6][78] having been spuriously depicted as the "ideologue" of Țuțea's group.[5] As noted by Zoe, Porsenna's 50-year sentence included three counts: 25 years for conspiracy, 15 for failing to report his stash of bullion, and 10 more for illegally using Zoe's identity papers.[5] She was similarly tried and sentenced for treason, but set free alongside other prisoners during the mass amnesty of 1962–1964.[5] Serving time in Jilava, Văcărești,[6] and finally Aiud, Nicu Porsenna earned the respect of other inmates. One of these was the much younger Vasile Gavrilescu, who spoke of him as a man of "irreproachable dignity". Porsenna's activities in that paperless environment included teaching his cellmates poetry and literary history, from books he had quasi-memorized.[79]
Porsenna was placed under a more liberal regimen in late 1962, by which time he had developed both
Porsenna spent his final days at
Porsenna's widow led efforts to ensure that his books could undergo critical reappraisal, establishing a foundation named after him. However, as she complained in 2001 (when she was aged 89): "[it] cost me a lot of money, but I never got anywhere with it, because I had no means at my disposal. All around me people have duped me, though I am credited as the sponsor of historically valuable books."
Notes
- ^ a b c d "Anunțuri comerciale", in Monitorul Oficial, 16 April 1943, pp. 2522–2523
- ^ a b c d e Traian Dimitriu-Șoimu, "Domnul inițială", in Neamul Românesc, 19 October 1937, p. 1
- ^ a b c Penciu, p. 50
- ^ a b c d e f Penciu, p. 52
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (in Romanian) Rhea Cristina, Închisorile politice. Zoe Porsenna, avocat, intervievată la București in 2001, at Memoria Digital Library
- ^ România Liberă, 12 August 2005
- ^ Penciu, pp. 50–51; Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ "A treia ședință a soc. academice 'Matei Basarab'", in Adevărul, 14 February 1909, p. 3
- ^ "Informațiunĭ", in Adevărul, 10 June 1909, p. 2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ "O nouă mișcare sudențească. Agitația contra 'Centrului'.—Un manifest.—Convocarea unei întruniri", in Adevărul, 7 August 1912, p. 3
- ^ a b N. Porsenna, "Amintiri despre Ilie Cătărău", in Curentul, 2 May 1937, p. 10
- ^ Penciu, pp. 50, 51
- ^ Straje, pp. 11, 188, 269, 357, 450, 471, 478, 568, 589, 687. See also Penciu, p. 53
- ^ D. C., "Notices Bibliographiques. Interdépendance des facteurs sociaux, par N. Porsenna et Serge Manolesco. Tome Ier", in Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée, Vol. XVI, 1914, pp. 92–93. See also Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ "Cărți și Reviste", in Fulgerul, 3 March 1914, p. 3
- Universul Literar, Issue 52/1913, p. 7. See also Straje, pp. 10, 330
- ^ ISBN 978-973-50-2635-6
- ^ Nicolae Manolescu, "Cronica literară. Critici și ziariști", in România Literară, Issue 14/1990, p. 9
- ^ "Primim la redacție", in Revista Ideei, Issues 149–150, [1916], p. 114
- ^ Cernat, pp. 99–100
- ^ a b Penciu, p. 51
- ^ Șerban Cioculescu, "Miscellanea. O carte poștală colectivă", in Viața Românească, Vol. XIX, Issue 11, November 1966, p. 157
- ^ Penciu, p. 53; Teutișan, p. 402
- OCLC 25813142
- ^ "Note", in Mișcarea, 9 March 1918, p. 1
- ^ "Pentru istorie", in Mișcarea, 25 May 1918, p. 1
- ^ E. C., "Parlamentul", in Neamul Românesc, 26 July 1918, pp. 3–4
- ^ "Parlamentul. Camera. Ședința din 23 Iulie", in Mișcarea, 26 July 1918, p. 2
- ^ a b Penciu, p. 53
- ^ Penciu, pp. 53–54
- ^ "A kormány munkában. Radikális birtokpolitika — A hercegprímás felajánlja as egyházi vagyont? — Berinkey Dénes as igazságügyminiszter — A páduai ut. Branting és Bukarest üdvözlése", in Világ, 5 November 1918, p. 3
- ^ N. Constantinescu, "Cu D. Pamfil Șeicaru despre el și despre alții", in Rampa, 30 July 1928, p. 3
- ^ a b Cernat, p. 100
- ^ Penciu, p. 52; Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ a b c B., "Ultima Oră. Flacăra s'a stins?... Un odios atac liberal la libertatea ideilor", in Lupta, 12 April 1922, p. 4
- ^ Adina Ștefania Ciurea, "Publicistul Vinea", in România Literară, Issue 37/2003, p. 5
- ^ a b c d Teutișan, p. 402
- ^ Penciu, pp. 51–52
- ^ a b "Ce a fost la Focșani", in Înfrățirea Românească, Vol. III, Issue 22, September 1927, p. 1
- ^ "Rezultate de adunări și consilii", in Argus, 31 January 1923, p. 6
- ^ "Informațiuni", in Rampa, 24 January 1923, p. 6
- ^ "Reviste primite", in Ziarul Științelor și al Călătoriilor, Issue 21/1927, p. 333
- ^ N. Porsenna, "Misticism sau delir? Filosofia tolstoiană", in Rampa, 24 August 1928, p. 1
- ^ "Prospect de emisiune", in Voința Poporului, Vol. III, Issue 37, December 1925, p. 4
- ^ "Viața de toate zilele. În 'Săptămâna Cărții' cu 20% rabat", in Dimineața, 19 May 1935, p. 2
- ^ Teutișan, pp. 401–402
- ^ Constantin Argetoianu, Însemnări zilnice. Volumul I: 2 februarie 1935—31 decembrie 1936, p. 54. Bucharest: Editura Machiavelli, 1998
- Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 56/1935, pp. 1–2
- ^ Victor Rizescu, "Social Policy and the Corporatist Design: A Romanian Experience of Reluctant Intermingling", in Sfera Politicii, Issue 2 (188), 2016, pp. 28–29
- Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 70/1936, p. 2
- ^ "Viața politică. Rezultatul alegerilor județene la Ilfov a fost validat Miercuri de tribunal", in Universul, 5 June 1937, p. 5
- ^ "Constituirea Consiliului Județean Ilfov. Validarea membrilor aleși.—Discuțiile de eri", in Dimineața, 28 June 1937, p. 12
- ^ Stanciu Stoian, "Falșii prieteni ai învățătorilor", in Dreptatea, 15 July 1937, pp. 1–2
- ^ Petronela-Gabriela Țebrean, "Nationalism and Probity", in Journal of Romanian Literary Studies, Issue 5/2014, p. 53
- ^ Aurel L. Șinca, "Metisajul Româno-Judaic", in Afirmarea, Vol. III, Issues 1–2, January–February 1938, p. 6
- ^ Nicolae Coande, "Constantin Brâncuși povestit de Petre Pandrea (I)", in Confesiuni, Issue 14, April 2014, p. 4
- ^ András Arató, "A kisebbségi kérdés a román jobboldal és a román baloldal megvilágitásában", in Kisebbségvédelem, Vol. IV, Issues 1–2, 1941, p. 10
- ^ Hubert Larcher, "Le Trépas", in Études sur la Mort, Vol. 2, Issue 128, 2005, p. 28
- ^ "Scriitorul Isaia Răcăciuni", in Cadran Cultural, Vol. III, Issue 5, October 2020, p. 10
- ^ a b Călin Stănculescu, "Cronica filmului. Scriitorii și filmul. Între anonimi și clasici", in Viața Românească, Issues 11–12/2010, pp. 150–151
- ^ A., "Schimb de populație", in Cultura Creștină, Vol. XX, Issues 5–6, May–June 1940, p. 369
- ^ "Intrebuințarea timpului liber al muncitorului. Conferința reprezentanților ministerului muncii cu patronii din Capitală", in Universul, 23 September 1941, p. 3. See also Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ "Pentru o cetate a muncitorilor", in Curentul, 15 January 1942, p. 4
- ^ Dan-Ovidiu Pintilie, Istoricul Societății "Concordia" 1907–1948, p. 172. Ploiești: Petroleum-Gas University, 2007
- ^ "Artistice–Culturale. Bibliografie", in Universul, 23 June 1941, p. 6
- ^ Valentin Tașcu, "Literatură și actualitate. Efigie de dascăl", in Transilvania, Vol. XV, Issue 5, May 1986, p. 33
- ^ Teutișan, pp. 401, 402
- ^ Constantin Michăilescu, "Revistă generală. Ce este metapsihica?", in Acta Medica Romana, Vol. XX, Issues 8–10, August–October 1947, pp. 489, 491, 500–501
- ^ Făg., "Țara Culturală. Gândirea în al 23-lea an de apariție", in Țara, Vol. IV, Issue 810, February 1944, p. 2
- ^ "Cărți noui. Un nou tălmacitor al poeziei lui Oscar Wilde: N. Porsenna", in Curentul, 19 March 1944, p. 2
- ^ "Continuarea lucrărilor de epurație ale avocaților", in Dreptatea, 29 January 1945, p. 2
- ^ "Informații", in Scînteia, 28 May 1945, p. 5
- ISBN 978-973-50-6097-8
- ^ "Viața politică. Dela partidul țărănesc-democrat", in Universul, 30 January 1946, p. 3
- ^ "Cărți apărute in cadrul Săptămânii prieteniei româno–sovietice", in Universul, 3 November 1947, p. 7
- ^ (in Romanian) Portret: Petre Țuțea: "Să te autodisprețuiești zilnic, pentru ca, în golul lăsat în tine, să poată încăpea Dumnezeu", Agenția de presă RADOR, 3 December 2014
- ^ a b c d e f Penciu, p. 54
- ^ Virgil Dumitrescu, Vasile Gavrilescu, "Dacă vom învăța să ne ajutăm între noi, să ne bizuim unii pe alții, restul o să vină de la sine. 'De dorit ar fi să nu mai pătimim atît!' Interviul nostru cu scriitorul Vasile Gavrilescu", in Cuvîntul Libertății, June 27, 1996, p. 3
- ^ a b Penciu, p. 49
- ^ Traian Stoica, "Memento: Carte", in Flacăra, Vol. XX, Issue 824, March 1971, p. 31
- ^ Muguraș Constantinescu, "Meridiane. Despre vocea și anturajul traducătorului", in România Literară, Issues 18–19/2021, p. 29
- ^ Penciu, pp. 50, 54. See also Teutișan, p. 401
- ^ Victor Săhleanu, "Telepatie, clarviziune, telekinezie...", in Flacăra, Vol. XX, Issue 820, February 1971, p. 15
- ^ Narcis Zărnescu, "Paradigme sociologice", in Contemporanul, Issue 15/1989, pp. 8–9
- ^ Grete Tartler, "Actualitatea editorială. Cărți străine. 'Învață să citești ce-a scris Iubirea...'", in România Literară, Issue 42/1995, p. 7
- ^ "Radio România Cultural", in România Literară, Issue 49/2000, p. 18
References
- ISBN 978-973-23-1911-6
- Gheorghe Penciu, "Personalități uitate. Nicolae Porsenna – un destin uitat", in Revista Memoria, Issue 32, 2000, pp. 48–54.
- Mihail Straje, Dicționar de pseudonime, anonime, anagrame, astronime, criptonime ale scriitorilor și publiciștilor români. Bucharest: OCLC 8994172
- Călin Teutișan, "Porsenna, N.[icu]", in Dicționarul general al literaturii române. P/R, pp. 401–402. Bucharest: ISBN 973-637-138-7